locomotion

Question 1

characterstics of bipedalism

Answer 1

• habitual
• upright
• bipedal
• striding

Question 2

advantages to bipedalism

Answer 2

1- thermoregulation

2- energy efficiency

Question 3

Adaptations for

Endurance Running

Answer 3

• Nuchal ligament and higher connection between pectoral girdle with back and head
• greater limb lengths
• shorter toes
• greater joint surface
• greater gluteal muscles

Question 4

reasons for changing to bipedalism

Answer 4

1- changing climate

• increased opportunties
• topography

Question 5

mechanisms for bipedalism

Answer 5

• bringing the support under the body
• arranging the mass of the body so that the line of gravity passes through the support base
• reducing protrusions
• lowering the centre of gravity

Question 6

the gait cycle

Answer 6

Limb in contact with the ground is the stance limb. Stance phase lasts from heel strike to toe off.
- Limb off the ground is the swing limb. Swing phase lasts from toe off to heel strike.

Question 7

striding

Answer 7

line of the propelling limb passes behind the plane of the fulcrum (hip) achieved by;
• Extending the limb behind the axis of the hip joint.
• Minimal vertical or lateral movements of the centre of gravity.