Loco physiology

Question 1

Sclerostin

Answer 1

Released by healthy osteocytes

Inhibits remodelling

Question 2

PTH action on bone

Answer 2

Binds to osteoblast
Increases RANKL expression
Activation of osteoclasts

Question 3

Calcitonin action on bone

Answer 3

Directly inhibits osteoclasts

Question 4

Calcium serum levels

Answer 4

2.2-2.6mmol/L

Question 5

PTH actions on non-bone

Answer 5

Increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in kidney
Increases kidneys hydroxylation of 25vitD –> 1,25 vitD to increase gut absorption of calcium and phosphate

Question 6

Calcitonin actions on non-bone

Answer 6

Increase calcium excretion from kidneys

Decrease calcium absorption from gut by inhibiting vitamin D synthesis

Question 7

Vitamin D function

Answer 7

Increase gut reabsorption of calcium and phosphate
Stimulate of bone resorption in same way as PTH
Prepares bone for mineralisation
- increases pro-collagen 1 production
- increases ALP secretion

Question 8

Oestrogen actions

Answer 8

Increases calcium reabsorption from the gut by increasing vitamin D synthesis
Inhibits RANKL to inhibit osteoclasts

Question 9

Glucocorticoid actions

Answer 9

Increases bone resorption
Decreases bone formation
Decreases gut calcium absorption

Question 10

Causes of neutrophilia

Answer 10

Infection 
Infalmmation 
trauma 
Active cancer 
Myeloproliferative disorders 
- CML 
- myelofibrosis

Question 11

Causes of eosinophillia

Answer 11

Allergy

Parasite infection

Question 12

When are reactive lymphocytes seen?

Answer 12

Viral infection

Question 13

CML genetics

Answer 13

t(9;22) –> BCR-Abl fusion oncogene

Question 14

CML treatment

Answer 14

Imatinib

Question 15

Signs of acute leukaemia

Answer 15

Brusing and bleeding

Fatigue and breathlessness

Question 16

APML genetics

Answer 16

t(15;17) –> PML:RARa fusion protein

Question 17

APML treatment

Answer 17

All trans retinoid acid

Question 18

Why is AMPL medical emergency?

Answer 18

–> DIC

Question 19

Opioid receptors

Answer 19

Mu
Kappa
Delta

Question 20

Function of PGs

Answer 20

Inhibit gastric acid secretion 
Increase renal blood flow 
Cause platelet aggregation 
Contract the uterus
Increase inflammation 
Cause fever 
Cause pain

Question 21

Side effects of PGs

Answer 21

Gastric ulcers
Kidney problems
Delayed labour
Anti-platelet effects

Question 22

COX-2 inhibitor

Answer 22

Celecoxib