HSPH professional Flashcards
Define culture
All in society that is biologically transmitted
3 cases where placebo trials can be used
No current treatment
Risk not too high
Test against placebo needed for licensing
Define transgender
Gender identity does not match assigned birth sex
Define gender fluidity
More flexible range of gender expressions where people do not feel confused by restrictive boundaries of stereotypical representations of each gender
Define gender queer
Blurring of lines between gender and sexual orientation where these distinctions are no longer so definite
Describe queer theory
Aims to deconstruct all binaries in the field of sex, gender and sexuality
Describes how people cannot be labelled collectively as so many other factors are involved to make up someone’s identity
Define health literacy
The social and cognitive skills that enable someone to access, understand and use health information in order to promote health
Fog index
Gives difficulty of text
48% of chronic conditions are…
Cardiovascular disease
21% of chronic conditions are…
Cancer
Social risk factors for diabetes
Social class
Age
Area of residence
Ethnicity
Black people are more at risk of…
Stroke Diabetes Hypertension Renal failure Less CHD
Number of people with asthma
5.4 million
Number of people with arthritis
10 million
Percent of people with diabetes
6.2%
Largest cause of kidney failure
Diabetes
Biggest cause of severe disability
Stroke
Depression prevalence
2.6%
Define impairment
Illness, injury or condition that causes a loss of physiological or psychological function
Define disability
Disadvantages imposed by society on people with impairments that leads to limitations in opportunities to take part of society on an equal level to others
Social model of disability
States that disability is caused by the way society is organised rather than the person’s impairment
International classification of functioning, disability and health
Integrates the medical and social models to recognise the significance of environment Key components - body structure and functions - activities and limitations - participation and restriction
Inductive reasoning
Collect data
Algorithms
Diagnosis
Deductive reasoning
Collect information
Generate hypotheses
Test them
Diagnosis
Heuristic: availability
Things more likely if they come to mind more readily
Heuristic: representativeness
Diagnosis more likely if case very similar to typical case
Heuristic: anchoring
Basing diagnosis on first piece of information
Heuristic: diagnosis momentum
Tendency to stick to labels that have already been applied to patient
Heuristic: fundamental attribution error
Tendency to blame patient for condition
Heuristic: commissioning bias
Tendency to action rather than inaction
Number of old people in 2012
12 million
Number of old people in 2037
16 million
Define refugee
Someone whose asylum application has been approved
NHS tariff for migrants
150%
Secondary care that is except from charges
A&E
Treatment for communicable diseases
Family planning
Secondary care that does not have to be charged for upfront
Immediately necessary = life-saving
-maternity
Urgent = can’t wait until they return to country
Types of trafficking
Sexual exploitation
Forced labour
Criminal activity
Domestic servitude
Stress as a stimulus
Stress is a demand placed on a person by external stimuli
Taxonomy of stressors
Cataclysmic events
Major life events
Minor events
Stress as a response
Stress is a physiological response that occurs in response to perceived threats
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
Stage 1 = alarm
Stage 2 = resistance/adaptation
Stage 3 = exhaustion
Stress as a transaction
Stress is a relationship between a person and the stressor
Cognitive-transaction view of stress
Event occurs
Primary appraisal = external evaluation is this harmful?
Secondary appraisal = internal evaluation can I cope with this stressor?
Reappraisal = continuous re-evaluation when event or self changes
What theory is CBT based on?
Learning theory by Bandura
Triad of CBT targets
Thoughts
Behaviours
Feelings
Fundamental thinking errors
Overgeneralisation = everything, always, never
Catastrophising = maximum and minimum
Jumping to conclusions
Psychodynamic theory
Based on Freud’s theory that childhood impacts on interpersonal relationships
What is dialectal behavioural therapy used to treat?
Borderline personality disorder
What is mindfulness?
Non-judgemental awareness of the current moment
Reduces stress by reducing rumination
