HSPH professional Flashcards by Gemma White

Define culture

All in society that is biologically transmitted

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3 cases where placebo trials can be used

No current treatment
Risk not too high
Test against placebo needed for licensing

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Define transgender

Gender identity does not match assigned birth sex

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Define gender fluidity

More flexible range of gender expressions where people do not feel confused by restrictive boundaries of stereotypical representations of each gender

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Define gender queer

Blurring of lines between gender and sexual orientation where these distinctions are no longer so definite

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Describe queer theory

Aims to deconstruct all binaries in the field of sex, gender and sexuality
Describes how people cannot be labelled collectively as so many other factors are involved to make up someone’s identity

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Define health literacy

The social and cognitive skills that enable someone to access, understand and use health information in order to promote health

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Fog index

Gives difficulty of text

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48% of chronic conditions are…

Cardiovascular disease

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21% of chronic conditions are…

Cancer

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Social risk factors for diabetes

Social class
Age
Area of residence
Ethnicity

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Black people are more at risk of…

Stroke 
Diabetes 
Hypertension 
Renal failure 
Less CHD

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Number of people with asthma

5.4 million

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Number of people with arthritis

10 million

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Percent of people with diabetes

6.2%

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Largest cause of kidney failure

Diabetes

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Biggest cause of severe disability

Stroke

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Depression prevalence

2.6%

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Define impairment

Illness, injury or condition that causes a loss of physiological or psychological function

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Define disability

Disadvantages imposed by society on people with impairments that leads to limitations in opportunities to take part of society on an equal level to others

Social model of disability

States that disability is caused by the way society is organised rather than the person’s impairment

International classification of functioning, disability and health

Integrates the medical and social models to recognise the significance of environment 
Key components 
- body structure and functions
- activities and limitations 
- participation and restriction

Inductive reasoning

Collect data
Algorithms
Diagnosis

Deductive reasoning

Collect information
Generate hypotheses
Test them
Diagnosis

Heuristic: availability

Things more likely if they come to mind more readily

Heuristic: representativeness

Diagnosis more likely if case very similar to typical case

Heuristic: anchoring

Basing diagnosis on first piece of information

Heuristic: diagnosis momentum

Tendency to stick to labels that have already been applied to patient

Heuristic: fundamental attribution error

Tendency to blame patient for condition

Heuristic: commissioning bias

Tendency to action rather than inaction

Number of old people in 2012

12 million

Number of old people in 2037

16 million

Define refugee

Someone whose asylum application has been approved

NHS tariff for migrants

150%

Secondary care that is except from charges

A&E Treatment for communicable diseases Family planning

Secondary care that does not have to be charged for upfront

Immediately necessary = life-saving -maternity Urgent = can't wait until they return to country

Types of trafficking

Sexual exploitation Forced labour Criminal activity Domestic servitude

Stress as a stimulus

Stress is a demand placed on a person by external stimuli

Taxonomy of stressors

Cataclysmic events Major life events Minor events

Stress as a response

Stress is a physiological response that occurs in response to perceived threats

Selye's general adaptation syndrome

Stage 1 = alarm Stage 2 = resistance/adaptation Stage 3 = exhaustion

Stress as a transaction

Stress is a relationship between a person and the stressor

Cognitive-transaction view of stress

Event occurs Primary appraisal = external evaluation is this harmful? Secondary appraisal = internal evaluation can I cope with this stressor? Reappraisal = continuous re-evaluation when event or self changes

What theory is CBT based on?

Learning theory by Bandura

Triad of CBT targets

Thoughts Behaviours Feelings

Fundamental thinking errors

Overgeneralisation = everything, always, never Catastrophising = maximum and minimum Jumping to conclusions

Psychodynamic theory

Based on Freud's theory that childhood impacts on interpersonal relationships

What is dialectal behavioural therapy used to treat?

Borderline personality disorder

What is mindfulness?

Non-judgemental awareness of the current moment | Reduces stress by reducing rumination