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Psych 351D midterm 2 > Location in the Visual World > Flashcards

Location in the Visual World Flashcards

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1
Q

region of the visual world that is seen by ones eyes

-

A

visual field

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2
Q

info in the left visual field goes to what hemisphere?

A

right

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3
Q

each __ responds to a stimulation on just a small circular patch of the retina- the cells receptive field

A

retinal ganglion cell

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4
Q

Light falling on one place on the retina will activate one ganglion cell, and light falling on another place will activate a different ganglion cell
-this is?

A

coding location

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5
Q

cells in the ___ also have a visual field

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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6
Q

each LGN cell represents?

A

a particular place

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7
Q

receptive fields of cells in the cortex are typically _____ than those of the retinal ganglion cells

A

larger

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8
Q

is more cortical tissue devoted to cells in the fovea or in the periphery

A

the fovea

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9
Q

the ore information that is being sent along a pathway, the more?

A

cortical tissue is devoted to it

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10
Q

where are the central and periphery visual fields represented in V1

A

central part of visual field= posteriorly

periphery= anterior

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11
Q

the upper part of the visual field is represented where in V1? and the lower part?

A
  • upper part= bottom of V1

- bottom part= upper V1

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12
Q

what is the best in the central part of the visual field?

A

acuity (from cones)

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13
Q

what has a larger receptive field: retinal ganglion cells or cells in the cortex

A

cortex cells

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14
Q

the receptive field of a corticol neuron must be composed of ?

A

the receptive field of many RGCs

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15
Q

what brain structures are almost all connected by corpus callosum and what ones are not connected

A

most of the frontal lobes are connect to each other and the occipital lobe has NO callosal connections

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16
Q

what is the one exception to the occipital lobe having no callosal connection

A

cells that lie along the midline of the visual field are connected to one another via the corpus callosum to that their receptive fields overlap

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17
Q

cells response to a particular stimulus is?

A

selective

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18
Q

place a straight line positioned at 45 degrees angle in front of the eyes is how we see?

A

shape

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19
Q

retinal ganglion cells only respond to?

A

absence of light, not to shape

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20
Q

concentric circle arrangement of retinal ganglion cells

A

look this up

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21
Q

RGC have on center cells so they are excited when?

and inhibited when?

A

light falls on the center portion of the receptive field
- inhibited when light falls on the periphery of the receptive field
(concentric circle arrangement)

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22
Q

if light crosses the whole receptive field of a RGC on center cell there is?

A

weak excitation

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23
Q

RGCs have off center cells so these are excited when? and inhibited when?

A

= excited when light falls on the periphery of the receptive field and
- inhibited when light falls in the center of receptive field

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24
Q

light across the whole receptive field of a off center cell produces

A

weak inhibition

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25
Q

what tells the brain about the amount of light hitting a certain spot on the retina compared with the rest or the retina

A

each retinal ganglion cell

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26
Q

neighboring retinal ganglion cells recieve there inputs from?

A

an overlapping set of photoreceptors b/c there receptive field overlap

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27
Q

a small spot of light shining on the retina is likely to produce activity in off center or on center cells

A

both

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28
Q

the amount of light reflected by an object relative to its surroundings

A

luminance contrast

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29
Q

luminance contrast allows for?

A

input from the RGCs to tell the brain about shape

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30
Q

V1 neurons receive in put from multiple? and have much larger receptive fields than them

A

RGCs

31
Q

how do cells behave like orientation detectors

A

excited by bars of light orientated in particular directions

32
Q

simple cells have a receptive field with a ?

A

rectangular on-off arrangement

33
Q

simple cells either prefer __ or ___?

A

horizontal orientation or oblique (slanted) orientation

34
Q

maximally excited by bars of light moving on a particular direction through the receptive field

A

complex cells

35
Q

maximally responsive to moving bars, also have a strong inhibitory area at one end of the receptive field

A

hypercomplex cells

36
Q

hypercomplex cells help detect

A

edge detection and motion

37
Q

neurons are organized into functional columns (0.5 mm strip or cortex)

  • -> columns comprise of neurons with similar?
  • -> inputs arrive in layer ___, and then connect ___ with other layers
A
  • functions

- layer 4, vertically

38
Q

ocular dominance columns recieve input from ?

A

left or right eye

39
Q

adjacent columns house neruons that are responsive to slightly different?

A

orientations,

forming an array of 180 degrees

40
Q

every neuron in the same column has?

A

the same orientation bias (ex 45 degrees)

41
Q

in temporal cortex, cells are maximally excited by complex visual stimuli
- examples?

A

May be selective to particular faces seen head on, to faces viewed in profile, to the posture of the head, even to certain facial expressions

42
Q

recognizing that na object is the same across different viewing orientations

A

stimulus equivalence

43
Q

what is necessary for activation of most neurons on the temporal lobe?

A

complex features

44
Q

complex features that are necessary for activation of temporal lobe neurons include?

A

size
colour
texture
orientation

45
Q

neurons in Temporal coretx that have similar bot not identical responsiveness to particular features cluster where in accordance with each other? How does this happen?

A

cluster in columns

  • -> experience! to tell it what is related and what is not
  • -> harder to tell differences between shapes you have not seen
46
Q

the preferred stimulus of neurons in the temporal lobe are able to alter their preference with?

A

experience

47
Q

obtains entire range of colours in visual world by mixing 3 colours

A

subtractive colour mixing

48
Q

subtractive colour mixing is property of the ?

A

cones in the retina

49
Q

increases light to make colour

A

additive color mixing

50
Q

the lighter the colour , the more ___ it contains

A

light

51
Q

why does a white surface reflects entire visible spectrum

A

because the lighter the colour the more light it contains

52
Q

Explanation of color vision based on the coding of three primary colors, red, green, and blue

A

trichomatic theory

53
Q

the colour we see is determined by the relative responses of

A

different cone types

54
Q

what are the 4 basic colours

A

red green yellow blue

55
Q

what can explain colour blindness

A

trichomatic theory

- some ppl are born without cones for a specific colour

56
Q

can the trichomatic theory explain afterimages? (red-green; blue-yellow)

A

no

57
Q

Explanation of color vision that emphasizes the importance of the opposition of colors

A

opponent process theory

58
Q

in the oppon process theory what colour oppose each other

A
  • red- green

- blue - yellow

59
Q

where does opponent processing occur?

- what kind of receptive fields

A

in about 60% retinal ganglion cells

–> on and off center surround receptive fields

60
Q

explain the opponent color contrast response with respect to receptive fields

A
  • center of receptive field in excitatory to some colours and inhibitory to other colours
  • stimulation to the periphery has the opposite effect (center is responsive to one wave length and the surround the other)
61
Q

colour sensitive cells are found in ___ in V1 which also respond in a _____ manner

A
  • blobs

- opponent process manner

62
Q

neurons in V1 respond to wavelength of colour whereas neurons in V4 respond to?

A
  • various perceived colours

_ center is excited by a certain colour and the surround in inhibited)

63
Q

what may be important for colour constancy and why

A

neurons in corticol region V4, b/c perceived colour is constant relative to other colours regardless of the change in illumination

64
Q

involved in processing visual info for action

A

dorsal steam

65
Q

Neurons in this area are silent to visual stimulation when a person is under anesthesia

A

dorsal stream

66
Q

Some cells in this area process the visual appearance of an object to be grasped

A 
dorsal stream 
( fire even when watching other pick up object)
67
Q

Destruction of the retina or optic nerve of one eye, producing loss of sight in that eye

A

monocular blindness

68
Q

Blindness of an entire left or right visual field

A

homonymous hemianopia

69
Q

Blindness of one quadrant of the visual field

A

quadrantanopia

70
Q

Small blind spot in the visual field caused by a small lesion or migraines of the visual cortex

A

scotoma

71
Q

damage to the visual stream causes what? (3)

A
  • visual form agnosia: can recognize objects or drawing of objects
  • color agnosia (achromatopsia)
  • face agnosia (propagnosia)
72
Q

copy objects and even draw objects from memory. However, they cannot later recognize these copied objects. – still appropriately shape their hands when grasping for objects, despite not being able to recognize those object

A

visual form agnosia, damage to ventral stream

73
Q

correct grasp of object due to

A

ventral stream

74
Q

injury to dorsal stream =

A

optic ataxia: defecit to visual control of reaching and other movements

Psych 351D midterm 2 (5 decks)

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