How does the nervous system develop and adapt

Question 1

3 perspectives on Brain Development

Answer 1

1. structural development can be correlated with emerging behaviours
2. behavioural development can be predicted but the underlying circuitry that must be emerging
3. research can focus on factors such as language, injury or SES, which influence both the brain structure and behavioural development

Question 2

behaviours are shaped significantly by ___ factors.

Answer 2

epigenetic

Question 3

axons from motor cortex neurons myelinate about the time that ___ and ___ develop

Answer 3

reaching and grasping

Question 4

what happens in the brain when pincer grasping develops

Answer 4

group of motor neurons known to control finger movements are myelinated

Question 5

increased motor dexterity is associated with what in the brain?

Answer 5

decrease in cortical thickness of the hand regions of the left cortex in right handers

Question 6

when does language onset start to develop? and when is language acquisition complete?

Answer 6

• 1-2 years

- by age 12

Question 7

what are the neural changes that happen as langauge develops

Answer 7

• increased dendritic complexity and interconnections

- increased myelination of speech areas

Question 8

how are the ls the language and motor areas related with development

Answer 8

the precise movements of the muscles controlling the mouth and lips and tongue are developed way before children can speak, even when children have sufficient motor skills to articulate most words, their vocabulary progresses slowly

Question 9

with improved motor skills there is cortical ____ of those areas, and with improved language skills there is cortical____ in those areas

Answer 9

• thinning

- Thickening

Question 10

by age 2, cell____ and _____ are complete in the language zones of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 10

• division and migration

Question 11

the major changes that take place for langauge development from age 2 -12 are in ?

Answer 11

neuronal connectivity and myelination of the speech zones

Question 12

the dramatic increase in density of axons and dendrites in the Brocas’s areas correlates with an equally dramatic change in ?

Answer 12

language ability

around 15-24 months

Question 13

what is the order for piagets stages of cognitive development? (4)

Answer 13

1. object permanence, stranger anxiety (0-2yrs)
   - -> SENSORIMOTOR experiences the world through sense and actions
2. pretend play, egocentrism, langauge development (2-6)
   - ->PREOPERATIONAL represents things with words and images but lacks logical reasoning
3. conservation mathamathical trasnformations (7-11)
   - -> CONCRETE OPERATIONAL, thinks logically about concrete events; grasps concrete analogies and performs arithmetical operations
4. Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning (12+)
   - -> FORMAL OPERATIONAL reasons abstractly

Question 14

sporadic period of sudden growth that lasts for a finite time

Answer 14

growth spurt

Question 15

epstein identified 5 growth spurts of brain development, the first 4 coincide with piagets stages and the last one occurs around age?
0- these growth spurts are likely due to?

Answer 15

• 14-16

- growth of glial cells, blood vessels, myelin and synapses (all lead to increased growth)

Question 16

concurrent discrimination (recognition) task believed to depend on what brain structure? around what age does this happen

Answer 16

• basal ganglia,

- 12 months

Question 17

non-matching to sample task depends on what brain structure? and occurs at what age?

Answer 17

• temporal lobe

- 18 months