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Psych 351D midterm 2 > How do we sense perceive and see the world > Flashcards

How do we sense perceive and see the world Flashcards

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1
Q

the only input our brain receives from the “real” world is a series of?

A

action potentials passed along the neurons of our various sensory pathways

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2
Q

specialized cells that transduce (convert) sensory energy into neural activity

A

sensory receptors

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3
Q

each sensory systems receptors are designed to respond to ? give 4 sensory systems and what they respond to

A

only a narrow band of energy

  • vision: light energy produces chemical energy
  • auditory: air pressure produces mechanical energy
  • somatosensory: mechanical energy
  • taste and olfaction: chemical molecules
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4
Q

specific part of the world to which a sensory receptor organ responds

A

receptive field

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5
Q

stream of visual stimuli that accompanies an observers forward movement through space

A

optic flow

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6
Q

change in sound heard as a person and sound sources pass each other

A

auditory flow

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7
Q

each photoreceptor has a unique___ that partially ___ with _____

A

receptive filed, overlaps, adjacent field

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8
Q

by overlapping receptive fields we can?

A

check information against each other (more accurate)

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9
Q

___ is important for determining the sensitivity of a sensory system
example?

A

density

–> ore tactile receptors on the fingers than on the arms

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10
Q

differences in receptor ___ determine the special abilities of animals

A

-density

ex, olfactory ability of dogs

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11
Q

explain a neural relay and what happens at different stages of a neural relay

A
  • all receptors connect to the cortex through a sequence of 3 or 4 intervening neurons, information can be modified at various stages in the relay,
    (the info that reaches the primary cortex is not the same as the info that enters our receptors)
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12
Q

what does information being modified at various stages of the neural relay allows the sensory system to do?

A

mediate different responses

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13
Q

sensory neural relays are central to the hierarchy of>

A

motor responses in the CNS

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14
Q

sensory info is encoded by ____ that travel along peripheral nerves to the __

A

action potentials, CNS

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15
Q

different sensations are produced in ?

A

different areas of the cortex

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16
Q

how do we learn to distinguish our senses

A

through experiences

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17
Q

each system has distinct wiring set up at ___ of neural organization

A

all levels

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18
Q

presence of a stimulus will ___ our potential for an AP

A

increase

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19
Q

The ____represents the sensory field of each modality: vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste—as a spatially organized neural representation of the external world

A

neocortex

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20
Q

the ___ is a neural- spatial representation of the body or of the areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ

A 
topographic map
(more cortical area for different senses)
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21
Q

Registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

A

Sensation

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22
Q

Subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

A

perception

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23
Q

___ is our primary sensory experience

what does this mean for brain organization?

A

vision

- far more of the brain is dedicated to vision than to any other sense

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24
Q

Light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye; consists of neurons and photoreceptor cell

A

retina

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25
Q

3 functions of the retina

A
  1. translates light into action potentials
  2. discriminates wavelengths (colours)
  3. works in a wide range of light intensities
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26
Q

region of the center of the retina that is specialized for high acuity

A

fovea

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27
Q

receptive field at the center of the eyes visual field

A

fovea

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28
Q

where is vision the best

A

in the center of the visual field

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29
Q

where is our blind spot

A

region of the retina (known as the optic disc) where axons forming the optic nerve leave the eye and where blood vessels enter and leave

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30
Q

the blind spot has no?

A

photoreceptors

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31
Q

swollen optic disc

A

papilledema

32
Q

papilledema may be due to?

A

hgih intracranial pressure (tumour in the brain or infection) or inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis)

33
Q

can pailedema cause loss of vision

A

yes

34
Q

you optic disc is in ____ in each eye

A

a different spot

35
Q

where is the optic disc located relative tot eh fovea in the left and right eye?

A
  • lateral to the fovea in each eye
36
Q

Rods:

  • ___numerous then cones
  • sensitive to ___ levels of light
  • used mainly for ?
  • __ types of pigment
A
  • more
  • low levels (dim light)
  • night vision
  • 1
37
Q

cones:
- highly responsive to ___ levels of light
- specialized for ?
- in the __ only
- __ types of pigment

A
  • bright light
  • colour and high visual acuity
  • fovea
  • 3
38
Q

responsible for colour and our ability to see fine detail

A

cones

39
Q

the 3 types of cone pigments absorb light over a range of frequencies, but their maximal absorptions are? for what colour?

A
  1. 419nm short wavelengths (blue)
  2. 531nm middle wavelengths (green)
  3. 559nm long wavelength (red)
40
Q

are there equal numbers of all cones?

A

no. ~ equal amounts of red and green but less blue

41
Q

4 types of retinal neurons in order that light travels and what they do

A
  1. Bipolar cell: recieves input from photoreceptors
  2. Horizontal cell: links photoreceptors and bipolar cells
  3. Amacrine cell: links bipolar and ganglion cells
  4. Retinal ganglion cell: gives rise to the optic nerve
42
Q

light has to pass through all the layers of retinal neurons before reaching?

A

cones and rods

43
Q

2 types of ganglion cells and what they do

A
  1. Magnocellular cell: LARGE
    - -> receive input from primarily rods, sensitive to light and moving stimulus
  2. Parvocellular cell: small
    - -> receives input from primarily cones, sensitive to colour
44
Q

what layers of the thalamus are for the magnocellular layers? and what layers are the parvocellular layers

A

Mcells: 1-2
Pcells: 3-6

45
Q

what thalamus layer has high acuity

A

parvo

46
Q

junction of the optic nerves from each eye

A

optic chiasm

47
Q

axons from the nasal side (inside) of the each retina go to ____ sides of brain
axons from temporal (outside) half of each retina go to ___ sides of brain

A
  • contralateral

- ipsilateral

48
Q

light that falls on the right half of each eye comes from the ___ visual field so it goes to the ___ hemisphere of brain

A
  • left , right
49
Q

3 routes to the visual brain

A
  1. geniculostriate system
  2. tectopulvinar system
  3. retinohypothalamic tract
50
Q

describe route or geniculostriate system

A

Projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex

51
Q

describe the route of the tectopulvinar system

A

Projections from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar (thalamus) to the parietal and temporal visual area

52
Q

describe the route of the retinohypothalamic tract

A

synapses in the tiny suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

53
Q

the retinohypothalamic tract play a role in?

A

regulating circadian rhythms and in the pupillary reflex

54
Q

most information flows through what 2 tracts

A

geniculostriate and tectopulvinar

55
Q

2 paths originate form the striate cortex (region V1) : where do these routes go?

A
  • one goes to the vision-related regions of the parietal lobe
  • one goes to the vision related regions of the temporal lobe
56
Q
  • Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the parietal cortex
  • Pathway that originates in the occipital cortex and projects to the temporal cortex
A
  • dorsal

- ventral

57
Q
  • the right LGN receives input from the ___ half of each retina
  • the left LGN receives info from the __ half of each retina
A
  • right

- left

58
Q 
6 layers of the LGN (thalamus) : 
layers 1, 4, 6: 
layers 2,3, 5: 
layers 1-2:
layers 3-6:
A
  • input from contralateral retina
  • input from ipsilateral retina
  • input from magnocellular cells
  • input from parvocellular cells
59
Q

P and M retinal ganglion send ___ pathways to the thalamus as well as right and left eyes send ___ pathways to the thalamus

A
  • separate
60
Q

the cortical column of the geniculostriate pathway is organization that represents a ?

A

functional unit of 6 cortical layers deep and approx 0.5mm square; perpendicular to the cortical surface

61
Q

From each lateral geniculate nucleus, information from each retina is sent to ____cortical columns, thus maintaining the separation of information from each retina

A

adjacent

62
Q

the cortical columns are in?

A

V1

63
Q

in the tectnopulvinar pathway, magnocellular cells from retina project to the superior colliculus whcih send info to the pulvinar (thalamus)

  • the medial pulvinar sends connections to?
  • and the lateral pulvinar sends info to?
A

medial –> parietal

lateral–> temporal

64
Q

occipital cortex is composed of at least how many visual regions

A

6.

65
Q

Striate cortex receives input from the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

primary visual cortex (V1)

66
Q

Visual cortical areas outside the striate cortex

A

secondary visual cortex (V2-V5)

67
Q

tectopulvinar pathway goes to what visual cortex

A

secondary visual cortex and areas

68
Q

heterogeneous layering in V1 is divided into ? and ?

A

blobs and interblobs

69
Q

Region in the visual cortex V1 that contains color-sensitive neurons

A

blobs

70
Q

region in visual cortex V1 that participates in perception fo form and motion

A

interblobs (region that separates blobs)

71
Q

blobs were revealed by staining for

A

cytochrome oxidase

72
Q

in V2 heterogenuous layering is divided into ?

A

thick stripes, thin stripes and pale zones

73
Q

in V2, receive information from movement-sensitive neurons

A

thick stripes

74
Q

in V2, receive information from color-sensitive neurons

A

thin stripes

75
Q

in V2, receive information from form-sensitive neurons

A

pale zones

76
Q 
fusiform face area: 
parahippocampal place area: 
lateral intraparietal area: 
anterior intraparietal area: 
parietal reach region:
A
  • faces
  • scenes
  • eye movements
  • visual control of grasping
  • visually guided grasping
77
Q

facial agnosia and prospagnosia

A

unable to recognize faces

Psych 351D midterm 2 (5 decks)

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