How do we speak, hear and make music Flashcards
undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure
sound wave
one complete peak and valley on a air pressure- time graph (sine wave) is the change from?
from one maximum or minimum air pressure level of the sound wave to the next maximum or minimum level
healthy young adult range of frequency of sounds waves we hear
20-20 000 hz
____ corresponds to our perception of pitch
frequency
name 3 animals with extensive frequency ranges
whales, dolphins, dogs
the magnitude of change in air molecules density
amplitude
what amplitude is in audible to humans
0 dB
soft sound = __ dB
loud sound = __ dB
normal talking= __ dB
20 dB
70 dB
40 dB
human nervous system evolved to be sensitive to ___ sounds
soft
rock bands play music at what dB
120 -135 ish
sounds with a single frequency
pure tones
sounds with a mixture of frequencies
complex tones
the rate at which the complex wave form pattern repeats
fundemental frequency
Set of higher-frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole- number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency
overtones
what is a key feature of complex tones
periodicity: the fundamental frequency repeats at regular intervals
sounds that are aperiodic or random
noise
the fundemental frequency and overtones make up
the complex tone
auditory system converts the physical properties of sound wave energy to?
electrochemical neural activity that travels to the brain
sounds are products of the
brain
we can detect the displacement of sir molecules of about how many picometers
10 picometers (10-11m)
each frequency change in air pressure (different sound wave) stimulates?
different neurons in the auditory system
Your ____ interprets sounds to obtain information about events in your environment, and it analyzes a sound’s meaning
brain
____ and ____ both convey meaning and evoke emotion
language and music
___ temporal lobe analyzes speech for meaning
____ temporal lobe analyzes musical sounds for meaning
- left
- right
_____ facilitates communication
language
____ helps us to regulate our emotions and affect the emotions of others
music
Nonspeech and nonmusical noise produced at a rate of about five segments per second is perceived as a ____
buzz
Normal speed of speech is on the order of ___to___ segments per second
8-10
We are capable of understanding speech at nearly ___ segments per second
–> why is this amazing?
30
- it exceeds the auditory system ability to transmit all the speech segments as separate piecies of info
a distinct unit of sound
sound segment
the auditory system has a mechanism for categorizing sounds as the same despite small differences in _____
pronunciation
what is a contributing factor to why it is hard to learn a language later in life
we hear variations of a sound as if they were identical despite different pronunciation
the loudness or amplitude of a sound wave are ?
subjective
very loud to some ppl but not loud to others
position of each tone on a musical scale; frequency of the sound wave (property of music)
pitch
Defined as the fundamental frequency (rate at which the pattern repeats), regardless of timbre (property of music)
pitch
The timbre of a sound, regardless of pitch (property of music)
quality
what are the 4 properties of music?
loudness, pitch, prosody, quality
is the note “C” perceived the same when played on a guitar vs a piNO
YES (even though the timbre is different)
what brain region extracts pitch from sound, whether speech or music
right temporal lobe
in speech ____ contributes to the perceived melodic tone of a voice or prosody
pitch
ear collects _____ form the surrounding air and converts mechanical energy into ______
sound waves, electrochemical neural energy
auditory system is routed through the ____ to the ___
brain stem to the auditory cortex
the auditory system is structures to decode ____, ______ and ______
frequency, amplitude and complexity
the human brain has a way larger cerebrum, temporal lobe and way more sulci
just a pic saying it marked the expansion of the auditory areas in humans
3 main parts of the ear
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
outer ear is made of the ___ and the _____
pinna and external ear canal
Funnel-like external structure designed to catch sound waves in the surrounding environment and deflect them into the ear canal
pinna
Amplifies sound waves somewhat and directs them to the eardrum, which vibrates in accordance with the frequency of the sound wave
external ear canal
air filtered chamber that comprises the ossicles
middle air
bones in the middle ear
3 ossicles:
hammer, anvil, stirrup
Connects the eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea, located in the inner ear
stirrup
inner ear consists of? (4)
- cochlea
- basilar membrane
- hair cells
- tectorial membrane
Fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the auditory receptor cells
cochlea
what structure contains the auditory receptor cells and the cells that support them
organ of corti in the cochlea
Receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves to neural activity
basilar membrane
sensory neurons in the cochlea tipped by the cilia
hair cells
what happens when hair cells are stimulated by waves n the cochlear fluid ?
outer hair cells generate graded potentials in inner cells, which act as the auditory receptor cells
Membrane overlying hair cells
tectorial membrane
In a chain reaction, the waves traveling through the cochlear fluid bend the ____ and _____ membranes, and the bending membranes stimulate the ____ at the tips of the outer and inner hair cells
- basilar
- tectorial
- cilia
what are the only hair cells that respond to frequencies of sound
inner hair cells
what hair cells tighten and release the tectoral membrane
outer hair cells
do we have more outer or inner hair cells
way more outer
outer: 12 000
inner: 3500
sound waves produce a traveling wave that moves along the ____
basilar membrane
the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies:
_____ fruencies cause maximum displacement near the base of the membrane,
______ frequencies caused maximum displacement near the membranes apex
- fast wave
- slow wave
the basilar membrane near the oval window is maximally affected by frequencies of??
as high as 20 000 hz (the upper limit of our hearing range)
the most effective frequencies at the membranes apex register less then??
100 Hz, closer to our lower limit of 20 Hz
if inner hair cells get damaged do they regenerate?
NO
what stimulates hair cells via a bending shearing action
movement of the basilar membrane
what changes the membrane potential and alters NT release
movement of cilia on hair cells
if you have intact outer hairs cells but no inner hair cells
you are effectively deaf
- can perceive only very low frequency and ver loud senses via the somatosensory system
outer hair cells are stimulated by ____ and they sharpen the cochleas ___ power. They send a message to the ____________ and receive a reply that causes cells to _____ on the tectorial membrane
sound waves
resolving
brainstem auditory areas
alter tension
the ___ helps hair cells to construct an auditory world
brain
they adaptively respond to the environment like a reflex to then adjust the membrane a protect the inner ear
outer hair cells
inner hair cells are stimulated by ____, movement of the ____ toward the tallest cilia _______ the cell, causing an ___ influx and release of ____, which stimulates cells that form the ____
sound waves cilia depolarizes Ca++ NT auditory nerve
movement of cilia toward shortest cilia =
hyperpolarizes the cell resulting in less NT release
movement of cilia to detect sound wave
0.3nm
inner hair cells synapse on ____ cells that form the auditory nerve (pat of the 8th cranial nerve, which governs hearing and balance), cochlear nerve axons enter the brainstem at the level of the ___ and synapse in the ____ nucleus
- bipolar
- medulla
- cochlear
cochlear nucleus projects to the ____ and the _____ and connects with both side of the brain
superior olive and trapezoid body
the cochlear nucleus and the superior olive send projections the __ in the ___
inferior colliculus in the dorsal midbrain
inferior colliculus goes tot he medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
- ______ region of the MGN projects to the primary auditory cortex A1
- _____ region of the MGN projects to auditory cortical regions adjacent to area A1
- ventral
- dorsal
2 distinct pathways of the auditory system (like in the visual system)
- what are they for?
— One is for identifying objects by their sound characteristics. – The other is for directing our movements by the sounds we hear.
A1 lies within _______ surrounded by secondary cortical areas A2 (planum temporale)
heschi’s gyrus
the cortex of the left planum forms the speech zones called
wernickes area
The cortex of the larger, right-hemisphere Heschl’s gyrus has a special role in
analyzing music
Analysis of speech takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere
Analysis of musical sounds takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere
left
right
what percent of left handers have their speech represented in the right hemisphere
30%
Insula: Located within the lateral fissure; multifunctional cortical tissue containing regions related to ? (3)
language, to the perception of taste, and to the neural structures underlying social cognition
damage to insula can cause disturbances in both ?
langauge and taste
