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Psych 351D midterm 2 > How do we speak, hear and make music > Flashcards

How do we speak, hear and make music Flashcards

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1
Q

undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure

A

sound wave

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2
Q

one complete peak and valley on a air pressure- time graph (sine wave) is the change from?

A

from one maximum or minimum air pressure level of the sound wave to the next maximum or minimum level

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3
Q

healthy young adult range of frequency of sounds waves we hear

A

20-20 000 hz

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4
Q

____ corresponds to our perception of pitch

A

frequency

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5
Q

name 3 animals with extensive frequency ranges

A

whales, dolphins, dogs

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6
Q

the magnitude of change in air molecules density

A

amplitude

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7
Q

what amplitude is in audible to humans

A

0 dB

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8
Q

soft sound = __ dB
loud sound = __ dB
normal talking= __ dB

A

20 dB
70 dB
40 dB

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9
Q

human nervous system evolved to be sensitive to ___ sounds

A

soft

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10
Q

rock bands play music at what dB

A

120 -135 ish

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11
Q

sounds with a single frequency

A

pure tones

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12
Q

sounds with a mixture of frequencies

A

complex tones

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13
Q

the rate at which the complex wave form pattern repeats

A

fundemental frequency

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14
Q

Set of higher-frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole- number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency

A

overtones

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15
Q

what is a key feature of complex tones

A

periodicity: the fundamental frequency repeats at regular intervals

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16
Q

sounds that are aperiodic or random

A

noise

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17
Q

the fundemental frequency and overtones make up

A

the complex tone

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18
Q

auditory system converts the physical properties of sound wave energy to?

A

electrochemical neural activity that travels to the brain

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19
Q

sounds are products of the

A

brain

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20
Q

we can detect the displacement of sir molecules of about how many picometers

A

10 picometers (10-11m)

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21
Q

each frequency change in air pressure (different sound wave) stimulates?

A

different neurons in the auditory system

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22
Q

Your ____ interprets sounds to obtain information about events in your environment, and it analyzes a sound’s meaning

A

brain

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23
Q

____ and ____ both convey meaning and evoke emotion

A

language and music

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24
Q

___ temporal lobe analyzes speech for meaning

____ temporal lobe analyzes musical sounds for meaning

A
  • left

- right

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25
Q

_____ facilitates communication

A

language

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26
Q

____ helps us to regulate our emotions and affect the emotions of others

A

music

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27
Q

Nonspeech and nonmusical noise produced at a rate of about five segments per second is perceived as a ____

A

buzz

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28
Q

Normal speed of speech is on the order of ___to___ segments per second

A

8-10

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29
Q

We are capable of understanding speech at nearly ___ segments per second
–> why is this amazing?

A

30

- it exceeds the auditory system ability to transmit all the speech segments as separate piecies of info

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30
Q

a distinct unit of sound

A

sound segment

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31
Q

the auditory system has a mechanism for categorizing sounds as the same despite small differences in _____

A

pronunciation

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32
Q

what is a contributing factor to why it is hard to learn a language later in life

A

we hear variations of a sound as if they were identical despite different pronunciation

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33
Q

the loudness or amplitude of a sound wave are ?

A

subjective

very loud to some ppl but not loud to others

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34
Q

position of each tone on a musical scale; frequency of the sound wave (property of music)

A

pitch

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35
Q

Defined as the fundamental frequency (rate at which the pattern repeats), regardless of timbre (property of music)

A

pitch

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36
Q

The timbre of a sound, regardless of pitch (property of music)

A

quality

37
Q

what are the 4 properties of music?

A

loudness, pitch, prosody, quality

38
Q

is the note “C” perceived the same when played on a guitar vs a piNO

A

YES (even though the timbre is different)

39
Q

what brain region extracts pitch from sound, whether speech or music

A

right temporal lobe

40
Q

in speech ____ contributes to the perceived melodic tone of a voice or prosody

A

pitch

41
Q

ear collects _____ form the surrounding air and converts mechanical energy into ______

A

sound waves, electrochemical neural energy

42
Q

auditory system is routed through the ____ to the ___

A

brain stem to the auditory cortex

43
Q

the auditory system is structures to decode ____, ______ and ______

A

frequency, amplitude and complexity

44
Q

the human brain has a way larger cerebrum, temporal lobe and way more sulci

A

just a pic saying it marked the expansion of the auditory areas in humans

45
Q

3 main parts of the ear

A

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

46
Q

outer ear is made of the ___ and the _____

A

pinna and external ear canal

47
Q

Funnel-like external structure designed to catch sound waves in the surrounding environment and deflect them into the ear canal

A

pinna

48
Q

Amplifies sound waves somewhat and directs them to the eardrum, which vibrates in accordance with the frequency of the sound wave

A

external ear canal

49
Q

air filtered chamber that comprises the ossicles

A

middle air

50
Q

bones in the middle ear

A

3 ossicles:

hammer, anvil, stirrup

51
Q

Connects the eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea, located in the inner ear

A

stirrup

52
Q

inner ear consists of? (4)

A
  1. cochlea
  2. basilar membrane
  3. hair cells
  4. tectorial membrane
53
Q

Fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the auditory receptor cells

A

cochlea

54
Q

what structure contains the auditory receptor cells and the cells that support them

A

organ of corti in the cochlea

55
Q

Receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves to neural activity

A

basilar membrane

56
Q

sensory neurons in the cochlea tipped by the cilia

A

hair cells

57
Q

what happens when hair cells are stimulated by waves n the cochlear fluid ?

A

outer hair cells generate graded potentials in inner cells, which act as the auditory receptor cells

58
Q

Membrane overlying hair cells

A

tectorial membrane

59
Q

In a chain reaction, the waves traveling through the cochlear fluid bend the ____ and _____ membranes, and the bending membranes stimulate the ____ at the tips of the outer and inner hair cells

A
  • basilar
  • tectorial
  • cilia
60
Q

what are the only hair cells that respond to frequencies of sound

A

inner hair cells

61
Q

what hair cells tighten and release the tectoral membrane

A

outer hair cells

62
Q

do we have more outer or inner hair cells

A

way more outer

outer: 12 000
inner: 3500

63
Q

sound waves produce a traveling wave that moves along the ____

A

basilar membrane

64
Q

the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies:
_____ fruencies cause maximum displacement near the base of the membrane,
______ frequencies caused maximum displacement near the membranes apex

A
  • fast wave

- slow wave

65
Q

the basilar membrane near the oval window is maximally affected by frequencies of??

A

as high as 20 000 hz (the upper limit of our hearing range)

66
Q

the most effective frequencies at the membranes apex register less then??

A

100 Hz, closer to our lower limit of 20 Hz

67
Q

if inner hair cells get damaged do they regenerate?

A

NO

68
Q

what stimulates hair cells via a bending shearing action

A

movement of the basilar membrane

69
Q

what changes the membrane potential and alters NT release

A

movement of cilia on hair cells

70
Q

if you have intact outer hairs cells but no inner hair cells

A

you are effectively deaf

- can perceive only very low frequency and ver loud senses via the somatosensory system

71
Q

outer hair cells are stimulated by ____ and they sharpen the cochleas ___ power. They send a message to the ____________ and receive a reply that causes cells to _____ on the tectorial membrane

A

sound waves
resolving
brainstem auditory areas
alter tension

72
Q

the ___ helps hair cells to construct an auditory world

A

brain

73
Q

they adaptively respond to the environment like a reflex to then adjust the membrane a protect the inner ear

A

outer hair cells

74
Q

inner hair cells are stimulated by ____, movement of the ____ toward the tallest cilia _______ the cell, causing an ___ influx and release of ____, which stimulates cells that form the ____

A 
sound waves 
cilia 
depolarizes 
Ca++ 
NT 
auditory nerve
75
Q

movement of cilia toward shortest cilia =

A

hyperpolarizes the cell resulting in less NT release

76
Q

movement of cilia to detect sound wave

A

0.3nm

77
Q

inner hair cells synapse on ____ cells that form the auditory nerve (pat of the 8th cranial nerve, which governs hearing and balance), cochlear nerve axons enter the brainstem at the level of the ___ and synapse in the ____ nucleus

A
  • bipolar
  • medulla
  • cochlear
78
Q

cochlear nucleus projects to the ____ and the _____ and connects with both side of the brain

A

superior olive and trapezoid body

79
Q

the cochlear nucleus and the superior olive send projections the __ in the ___

A

inferior colliculus in the dorsal midbrain

80
Q

inferior colliculus goes tot he medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

  • ______ region of the MGN projects to the primary auditory cortex A1
  • _____ region of the MGN projects to auditory cortical regions adjacent to area A1
A
  • ventral

- dorsal

81
Q

2 distinct pathways of the auditory system (like in the visual system)
- what are they for?

A

— One is for identifying objects by their sound characteristics. – The other is for directing our movements by the sounds we hear.

82
Q

A1 lies within _______ surrounded by secondary cortical areas A2 (planum temporale)

A

heschi’s gyrus

83
Q

the cortex of the left planum forms the speech zones called

A

wernickes area

84
Q

The cortex of the larger, right-hemisphere Heschl’s gyrus has a special role in

A

analyzing music

85
Q

Analysis of speech takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere
Analysis of musical sounds takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere

A

left

right

86
Q

what percent of left handers have their speech represented in the right hemisphere

A

30%

87
Q

Insula: Located within the lateral fissure; multifunctional cortical tissue containing regions related to ? (3)

A

language, to the perception of taste, and to the neural structures underlying social cognition

88
Q

damage to insula can cause disturbances in both ?

A

langauge and taste

Psych 351D midterm 2 (5 decks)

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