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Biopsychology > Localisation and Lateralisation of Functioning in the Brain > Flashcards

Localisation and Lateralisation of Functioning in the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is phrenology?

A

The idea that a person’s personality was reflected in the lumps and bumps on the skull which in turn reflected functions of the brain lying underneath the bump.

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2
Q

Who proposed the idea of phrenology?

A

Franz Gall

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3
Q

When was phrenology proposed?

A

Early 1800s

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4
Q

Is phrenology legitimate?

A

Phrenology isn’t true (not to mention it’s completely unscientific) ​

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5
Q

What did phrenology help to form?

A

Gall’s phrenology put forward an interesting idea which we now know to have scientific support; functions were localised to specific regions of the brain.

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6
Q

What is localisation?

A

The idea that there are certain brain areas that have specific functions.

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7
Q

Give an example of 2 things that are localised in the brain?

A

E.g. Memory, language.

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8
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Bundle of fibres that is essentially a communication pathway between the two hemispheres.

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9
Q

What is lateralisation?

A

The idea that functions within the brain are controlled by either the right or light hemisphere.

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10
Q

Give an example of lateralisation in the brain.

A

E.g. speech is lateralised to the left hemisphere.

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11
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Where the right hemisphere deals with the left hand side of the body and vice versa.

Contra = opposite.

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12
Q

Are most people’s brains contralateral?

A

Yes

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13
Q

How do stroke patients support the concept of contralateral hemispheres?

A

If a person has a stroke in the motor areas of their right hemisphere the movement in the left hand side of the body will be affected. ​

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14
Q

What is the visual cortex?

A

What you see in your right visual field is processed by your left hemisphere, this is referred to as the visual cortex.

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15
Q

What is the optic chiasm? What does chiasm originate from?

A

Allows for the crossing of fibres from the nasal retina to the optic tract on the other side.

The Greek letter X is - pronounced “chi”, it’s where the optic nerves “crossover” .

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16
Q

What eye receives information from your right visual field?

A

Both eyes

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17
Q

What eye receives information from your left visual field?

A

Both eyes

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18
Q

Information from your right visual field is processed by which hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere

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19
Q

Information from your left visual field is processed by which hemisphere?

A

Right hemisphere

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20
Q

Give an example of another place contralateral processes are completed, same as the visual cortex.

A

Same for you sounds, taste, and smell.

The information from the left ear is predominantly dealt with by the right hemisphere of the brain.

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21
Q

Why are humans and other creatures contralateral?

A

The reason that we and many other vertebrates (and some invertebrates) are contralateral is unknown.

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22
Q

Are brain hemispheres symmetrical?

A

Hemispheres are not symmetrical.

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23
Q

What is meant by lateralisation of brain functioning?

A

If a function is dealt with by one hemisphere it is said to be lateralised.

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24
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

The divisions of functions between the two hemispheres.

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25
Q

(For most people) what hemisphere is language processing done? What evidence is there for this?

A

In the majority of people, language processing is done in the left hemisphere.

Evidence: If someone has a stroke on the left side of their brain (their left hemisphere) their speech is often affected.

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26
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech production

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27
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language processing

28
Q

Outline the case study that references the right hemisphere? What did this suggest?

A

A case study of a woman with right hemisphere damage demonstrated that the right hemisphere seems to more adept at spatial information. ​

The woman would often get lost, even in familiar situations unless she had verbal instructions which contained distinguishable features (e.g. turn right at the red house).

This suggests that the RH deals with spatial information (Clarke et al, 1993).

29
Q

Where is the motor cortex located in the brain?

A

Back of the frontal cortex in both hemispheres of the brain.

30
Q

Where is the central sulcus located in the brain?

A

Located between the frontal and parietal lobe.

31
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located in the brain?

A

Located at the front of both parietal lobes.

32
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located in the brain?

A

Located at the back of the occipital lobes

33
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located in the brain?

A

Around the centre of the temporal lobe.

34
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located in the brain?

A

Frontal lobe of the left hemisphere (for most)

35
Q

Where is the Wernicke’s area located in the brain?

A

Above the primary auditory cortex, in the temporal lobe.

36
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

In front of/ near the front of

37
Q

Outline the motor cortex.

A

Regulating voluntary movement. It sends signals to the muscles in the body.

Regions of the motor cortex are arranged in a logical order

If an area of your motor cortex was damaged, you would have difficulty moving and coordinating that part.

38
Q

Outline the somatosensory cortex

A

Where sensory information is processed to produce sensations related to touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

39
Q

Outline the primary visual cortex.

A

Different regions of the visual cortex are responsible for colour, shape, movement etc.

40
Q

Outline the primary auditory cortex.

A

Damage may produce hearing loss; the more extensive the damage, the more extensive the loss.

Damage to Wernicke’s area may affect ability to comprehend language. ​

41
Q

What are the 2 language centres? Outline the language centres.

A

Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s area.​

Unlike the other centres which appear in both hemispheres of the brain language centres in the brain are lateralised to the left hemisphere of the brain in most people .​

42
Q

What did dichotic listening tasks indicate for Genie? Why was this unusual?

A

Dichotic listening tasks indicated that she was using her right cerebral hemisphere to process language.

This is unusual as language is normally processed within the left hemisphere.

43
Q

What did Lenneberg state in 1967? How does this relate to Genie?

A

Suggested a critical period for language acquisition (before the onset of puberty).

Genie’s use of the right hemisphere for language development might have been a direct consequence of the fact that she did not acquire language before the critical age.

44
Q

What did Curtiss state in 1977? Who did this support?

A

Suggested that the left cerebral hemisphere was no longer available for language acquisition after the critical age.

Supporting Lennenberg’s hypothesis.

45
Q

What did Herasty state in 1997? What bias’s come with this?

A

Females have proportionally larger Wernicke’s and Broca’s area than males.

Gender bias, beta bias.

46
Q

What happened to Leborgne?

A

Leborgne suffered with epilepsy throughout his childhood and eventually lost the ability to speak (although he could say the word “tan”) and was hospitalised at 30 and died there at the age of 51 in 1861. ​

47
Q

Who was Broca? What did he do to Leborgne after he died?

A

Broca, a neurologist at the hospital conducted a post-mortem on his brain and found a lesion on the left frontal lobe.

48
Q

Did Broca identify an area for speech production after the post-mortem on Leborgne? What term was dubbed?

A

Broca correctly identified the function of that area.

The term Broca’s aphasia is used today to describe patients with speech problems.

49
Q

What happened to Leborgne’s brain after the post-mortem?

A

Leborgne’s brain was preserved and kept in Paris – it has been scanned using modern day technology and the area identified as responsible for speech production is correctly localised. ​

50
Q

What did Broca find during the post-mortem on Leborgne?

A

Saw visible site of damage so he concluded it was the area responsible for the production of speech, based on the deficit Leborgne exhibited. ​

51
Q

What did Karl Wernicke do in 1864? What did he find?

A

Worked at a hospital in Germany, found that patients who had damage in an area close to the auditory cortex had specific language impairments.

E.g. anomia.

52
Q

What anomaly did Wernicke find? What did this lead to?

A

Wernicke noticed that these people did have fluent speech, when they could access the words the words quickly.

This led Wernicke to suggest that the area now called Wernicke’s area was important for understanding language and accessing words.

53
Q

What is anomia?

A

When someone struggles to find the word they need.

54
Q

The primary auditory cortex is involved with what 2 processes?

A

Conscious sound

Auditory imagery.

55
Q

What did Meyer et al find in 2010?

A

Meyer et al, (2010) found that when people watch silent films, their primary auditory cortex in both hemispheres will activate if a door is shut with force, for example - they are imaging the bang

56
Q

What happened to GR? (case study).

A

She had an operation and started to recover although she had no injury to her eyes, the brain was damaged in the visual cortex, which meant she was cortically blind.

57
Q

What could GR not do in tests that asked her to detect a letter shown on a screen? (case study)

A

She could not identify the letter but reported an awareness of something, despite seeing nothing.

58
Q

What is blindsight?

A

An awareness and accuracy of stimuli, despite ‘seeing’ nothing.

59
Q

What does the case study of Phineas Gage support?

A

Case study of Phineas Gage:
Supports the idea of localisation of functioning in the brain.

60
Q

What happened after Phineas Gage’s incident?

A

After the incident he was a very changed man. He became hostile, was unreliable, and exhibited rude behaviour. He also started swearing lots - something he never did before the accident.

61
Q

Dr Harlow treated Phineas Gage, what did he believe had happened within his brain? Was he correct?

A

Dr Harlow, a physician who originally treated Gage, believed that there was localisation in the brain and that the area that had been damaged in Gage housed the planning, reasoning and control of the individual.

He was shown to be correct in subsequent research into localisation.

62
Q

Outline the case study of EB, (what happened to him).

A

EB, an Italian boy was operated on at the age of 2.5 years to remove a large benign tumour from his left hemisphere.

Due to the size of the tumour virtually all of his left hemisphere was removed, and, at that time, all of his linguistic abilities disappeared too.

He was right handed and it seems that his language localisation was in his left hemisphere.

He underwent an intensive rehab programme and his language abilities started to improve around the age of 5.

They continued to do so over the next 3 years to the point that no problems of language ability were reported.

63
Q

What did Danelli do in 2014? Were their minor problems?

A

Danelli et al (2014), tested him further at the age of 17 to compare his language abilities with ‘normal’ controls. They found that his right hemisphere had compensated for the loss of the left hemisphere in that he was functioning linguistically well.

However, they did find some areas which were not at the expected standard. There were some minor grammatical problems and he was slower at naming objects in pictures.

64
Q

What did the case study of EB show about his right hemisphere, when he was 17?

A

Researchers concluded that the right hemisphere had compensated following the intensive programme, but that it was never able to compensate fully.

65
Q

What was EB’s brain activity like when he was 17? What does this show?

A

When scanning EB’s brain, the brain activity was practically identical to the activity of ‘normal’ controls.

This shows, in this case study at least, that hemispheric lateralisation can be compensated for to at least a basic degree by the non-specialist hemisphere.

66
Q

What is needed for something to be lateralised?

A

If a function is dealt with by one hemisphere it is said to be lateralised.

Biopsychology (9 decks)

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