Localisation

Question 1

what are these sulci and which gyri do they separate

central sulcus

superior frontal sulcus

inferior frontal sulcus

lateral sulcus

superior temporal sulcus

inferior temporal sulcus

cingulate sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

collateral sulcus

Answer 1

divides frontal and parietal lobe

separates superior and middle frontal gyri

separates the middles and inferior frontal gyri

divides the parietal and frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

separates the superior and middle temporal sulci

separates inferior and middle temporal gyri

separates limbic lobe from 4 lobes and isolates cingulate gyrus in limbic lobe

divides parietal and occipital

isolates parahippocampal gyrus which forms the uncut which is part of the limbic lobe

Question 2

what are brodmans areas (BA)

Answer 2

map of cortex - 46 areas in 1909

Question 3

what are the sensory primary projection areas for:
general sensory 
visual 
auditory 
olfactory 
gustatory

Answer 3

post central gyrus 
either side of calcrine sulcus in striate cortex 
heschl's gyrus (superior temporal gyri)
uncus 
inferior post central gyrus

Question 4

where is the primary motor cortex found on which gyri

Answer 4

pre-central gyrus

Question 5

what are the area of the hemispheres that are secondary sensory for these:
general sensory
visual
auditory

Answer 5

superior parietal lobe
pre-striate area
lateral fissure / superior temporal gyri

Question 6

what is an association area in the brain

Answer 6

receive input from primary areas and interpret them

Question 7

what does a motor association area do in the brain

Answer 7

send output to primary motor

Question 8

what is a primary projection sensory area

Answer 8

sensory pathways terminate here and they perceive the sensation

Question 9

what are the motor association areas where they send output to for these areas
premotor area
supplementary motor area
frontal eye field

Answer 9

anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface

same but on medial surface

anterior to premotor

Question 10

where is the primary motor cortex found, which BA area is it and what does it do

Answer 10

BA4

pre central gyrus (anterior to central sulcus)

controls voluntary action of specific muscles
somatotopiccaly organised

Question 11

what are the 3 association motor areas in terms of BA and name and what do they do

Answer 11

BA6 - supplementary motor and pre motor - anterior to primary motor, storage of learned complex motor activities

BA8 - frontal eye field - frontal lobe - voluntary eye scanning

BA44/45 Brocas area - inferior frontal gyrus - breathing and vocalisation for normal speech

Question 12

what are the primary somatosensory cortex areas and what do they do

Answer 12

BA 1,2,3
post central gyrus
receive info for touch, temp, vibration, pain and proprioception

Question 13

within the primary somatosensory cortex what do these areas do
lateral VPL nucleus
medial VPL nucleus
VPM

Answer 13

LVPL - input from leg to midline

MVPL - arm to lateral region

VPM - face to lateral region

Question 14

what are the BA of association somatosensory areas in the brain and what do they do

Answer 14

BA 5, 7

superior parietal lobe
spatial analysis, interpretation, understanding and recognition

Question 15

what would a lesion in the superior parietal lobe (association somatosensory area) lead to

Answer 15

tactile agnosia - know that you are touching something but can’t understand what it is

Question 16

where is the primary auditory cortex and what is its role

Answer 16

BA 41, 42 - superior temporal gyrus (Heschels gyrus)

conscious perception of sound
Tonotopical organisation

Question 17

where is the association auditory cortex

Answer 17

BA 22

surrounds primary cortex - auditory information is interpreted and given significance

Question 18

what is wernickes area and what does it do

Answer 18

BA22

interpretation of written or spoken word - gives meaning to sound

Question 19

where is the primary visual cortex, what does it do and where is info sent after

Answer 19

BA17
area around calcimine sulcus and occipital lobe
receives information from retina - retinotopically organised
info then sent to primary visual cortex from the LG of the thalamus

Question 20

where are the association areas of vision and what do they do

Answer 20

BA 18 19
surrounds primary
interpret visual info

Question 21

what is caused by a lesion to the association visual area

Answer 21

prosopagnosia (inability to recognise faces)

Question 22

where do you find the taste cortex

Answer 22

extends from inferior margin of post central gyrus

Question 23

what is the general association cortex and what are two divisions

Answer 23

bring areas together to produce more complex aspect of behaviour and intellectual functioning

prefrontal cortex
parieto-temporal cortex

Question 24

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 24

regulates moods and feeling by responding to sensory input

higher order cognitive functioning such as judgment or conceptualisation

Question 25

what is the role of the parieto-temporal cortex

Answer 25

integrate information of different modalities bringing senses together
involved in memory

Question 26

describe the case of phineas gage

Answer 26

damage to left frontal lobe

lost ability to judge and inhibition of impulsive behaviour - can’t respond to certain inputs

Question 27

what is an homunculi image

Answer 27

size of body part illustrated depicts how many neurones control that area

Question 28

which hemisphere of the brain is dominant

Answer 28

left

Question 29

what would damage to broocas or wernickes area cause

Answer 29

wernickes aphasia - inability to understand sounds and cant interpret language - talk fine but doesn’t make sense (no grammar and random)

brocas apahasa - inability to correctly articulate speech (motor issue so sounds are not right)

Question 30

what is conduction aphasia and how do you test

Answer 30

damage to arcuate fascicles which connects the two areas of W and B area -

test - ask patient to repeat sentences