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Year 2 - Control > Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brainstem made up of

A

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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2
Q

what are the general functions of the brainstem

A

conduit - ascending and descending pathways reach the thalamus and cerebellum from spinal cord - contains relay neurones

integrative - control of CV, respiratory and consciousness in the reticular formation (eg balance)

contains cranial nerves

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3
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

A

10 out of 12 which form part of the PNS - they contain sensory and motor neurone

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4
Q

rostrally - what is the brainstem continuous with

A

the diencephalon ie thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

caudally what is the medulla continuous with

A

with the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum

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6
Q

looking at the brainstem ventrally what is present

A

clivus of occipital bone

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7
Q

looking at the brainstem dorsally what is present

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

which parts of the ventricular system run through the midbrain

A

IVth ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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9
Q

what is the obex

A

where ventricle IV becomes the central spinal cord

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10
Q

what three structures can be identified in the brainstem rostral to the obex

A

tectum - only in midbrain (posterior to ventricular system) made up of superior and inferior colliculi

tegmentum - contains cranial nerve nuclei and tracts, reticular formation and some ascend/descend pathway (anterior to ventricles)

basal - most anterior, descending pathways from cerebral cortex

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11
Q

what separates the tegmentum and the basal

A

substantia negri

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12
Q

ventrally, what can be seen on the medulla

A

pyramids
olives
postero-lateral sulcus
antero-lateral sulcus

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13
Q

what are the role of the pyramids in the medulla (can be seen ventrally)

A

in the basal area, bulges of white matter fibres, carry descending motor fibres which cross at the decussation of pyramids

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14
Q

why do we have contralateral control

A

decussation of pyramids - motor movements controlled by opposite sides of the brain

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15
Q

where would you find the olives of the medulla

A

lateral to the pyramids

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16
Q

where do you find the postero-lateral sulcus and what nerves arise here

A

dorsal to olives in the tegmentum areas

cranial nerve IX, X, XI

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17
Q

where do you find the anterolateral sulcus and where arises there

A

it separates the pyramids and olives in the tegmentum area

cranial nerve XII

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18
Q

the left are right medulla are separated by what

A

anterior median fissure

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19
Q

what are the two fasiculi which can be seen on the dorsal view
what do they contain

A 
cuneatus = lateral 
gracilis = medial

ascending sensory information

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20
Q

fasciculi turn into tubercles which are made up of what

A

afferent nuclei

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21
Q

what does the tegmentum contain vs the basal

A

T - dorsal contains ascending sensory fibres

B - ventral contains descending motor fibres

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22
Q

what are the three connections of the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

A

the superior peduncle with the midbrain,
the middle peduncle with the pons,
the inferior peduncle with the medulla oblongata.

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23
Q

where is the obex when the medulla is open and closed

A

open - rostral to obex

closed - caudal to obex

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24
Q

what is the PMJ

A

pontomedullary junction which separates the two structures

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25
Q

what is the PmcJ

A

pontomesencephalic junction - separates the midbrain and the pons

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26
Q

what artery is seen from the ventral pons

A

basilar artery in the basilar groove

27
Q

which cranial nerve arises form the PMJ

A

abducens (VI)

28
Q

which cranial nerve arises from the ventral pons with a motor and sensory function

A

trigeminal (V)

29
Q

what two main structures are seen on the dorsal view of the pons

A

peduncles

facial colliculus

30
Q

what is within the ventral view of the midbrain

A

made up of crus cerebri - ascending and descending fibres

31
Q

what is within the dorsal aspect o the midbrain

A

superior and inferior colliculi

32
Q

what are the inferior and superior colliculi associated with

A

SC - visual pathway

IC - auditory pathway

33
Q

what is the reticular formation and what does it do

A 
complex neurones in the tegmentum of brainstem, includes: 
reticular nuclei - descending motor 
vital autonomic centres 
ascending reticular actuating system 
pain 
sleep wake 
arousal
34
Q

what is the location and role of the cerebellum

A

cerebellum does fine tune of movement (affects gait)

found under occipital lobe attached to the brainstem by three paired peduncles - superior middle and inferior

35
Q

what is the flocculonodular lobe

A

flocculus and nodule in the centre of the cerebellum

36
Q

how many of the cranial nerves are sensory and motor or mixed

A

sensory - afferent - 3
motor - efferent - 5
mixed - 4

37
Q

which nerves are purely sensory

A

olfactory - 1 (smell)
optic - 2 (vision)
vestibulocochlear - 8 (hearing and balance)

38
Q

which nerves are purely motor

A 
oculomotor - 3
trochlear - 4 
abducens - 6
accessory - 11
hypoglossal - 12
39
Q

which nerves are both sensory and motor

A

trigeminal - 5
facial - 7
glossopharyngeal - 9
vagus - 10

40
Q

what is the function and test of cranial nerve 1-3

A

olfactory - special sensory smell - smelling item

optic - special sensory - vision - papillary light reflex

oculomotor - somatic motor (extra ocular muscles) visceral motor (colliery muscles) - follow finger test

41
Q

what is the function and test of cranial nerve 4 and 6

A

trochlear nerve - somatic motor (superior oblique) - follow finger

abducens - somatic motor (lateral rectus) - follow finger

42
Q

what is the role of the lateral rectus and what is it innervated by

A

abducts eye control by abducens

43
Q

the superior oblique muscle of the eye is controlled by what

A

trochlear nerve

44
Q

what is cranial nerve 5 and what are the three divisions with functions and tests

A

trigeminal
V1 - ophthalmic - somatic sensory (face above eyes) - cotton wool on forehead

V2 - maxillary division - somatic sensory (between eye and mouth) - cotton wool bud on cheek

V3 - madibular division - somatic sensory (lower face and anterior 2/3 tongue)
somatic motor - mastication
cotton wool on jaw and jaw jerk reflex or tense teeth

45
Q

what is the function and test for cranial nerve 7

A

facial nerve
somatic motor - muscles of face
special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
visceral motor - all glands except parotid

facial movement test

46
Q

what is the function and test of cranial nerve 8

A

vestibulocochlear

special sensory - hearing and balance - rinnes and webers test

47
Q

what is an acoustic neuroma

A

tumour affecting vestibulocohocelr (8) - hearing loss and tinnitus - loss of balance (can grow to affect facial nerve)

48
Q

what is the function and test of cranial nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal
somatic motor - swallowing
visceral motor - parotid gland
special sensory - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
somatic sensory - middle ear, pharynx, posterior 1/3 tongue
visceral sensory - carotid body and sinus (monitor O2 and BP)

gag reflex

49
Q

what is function and test from cranial nerve 10

A

vagus
somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, uvula
visceral motor/sensory - thoracic and GIT
special sensory - taste of epiglottis and palate
somatic sensory - epiglottis, skin of external ear, larynx

test speaking and uvula movement

50
Q

what is the function role and test for cranial nerves 11 and 12

A

11 - accessory - somatic motor - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius - shoulder shrug and rotate head

12 - hypoglossal - somatic motor muscles of tongue
protrude tongue

51
Q

what is the location and foramen of the first 4 cranial nerves

A

olfactory - nasal muscosa, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, extension of telencephalon - foramen - cribifrom plate

optic - retina, optic chisma, optic tract, extensions of diencephalon - foramen - optic canal

oculomotor - PMJ from interpeducnular fossa - foramen - super orbital fissure

trochlear nerve - dorsal midbrain - foramen - superior orbital fissure

52
Q

what is the location and foramen of cranial nerve 5-7

A

5 - trigeminal - from the pons - foreman - V1 (superior orbital fissure) V2 (foramen roteundunm) V3 (foramen ovale)

6 - PMJ - foramen - super orbital fissure

7 - cerebellopontine angle - foramen - internal acoustic meatus and out stylomastoid foramen

53
Q

what are the locations and foramen of cranial nerves 8-10

A

8 - vestibulocochlear - Cerebellopontine angle - foramen - internal acoustic meatus

9 - glossopharyngeal - lateral to olives on medulla - foramen - jugular foramen

10 - vagus - same as 9

54
Q

what are the locations and foramen of cranial nerve 11 and 12

A

11 - accessory - caudal medulla - formen - jugular foramen

12 - hypoglossal - anterolateral sulcus between pyramid and olives - foreman - hypoglossal canal

55
Q

what are the parasymptateic autonomic ganglia of cranial nerve 3 7 and 9 and which trigeminal branch do they synapse with

A

3 - ciliary - V1
7 - pterygopalatine - V2
- submandibular - V3
9 - otic - V3

56
Q

what are the sympathetic autonomic ganglia and trigeminal synapse associated

A

superior cervical ganglia of the vagus nerve which branch with itself

57
Q 
describe the blood supply to these locations 
diencephalon 
brainstem 
cerebellum 
spinal cord
A

D - thalamogeniculate branches and thalamoperforating branches of posterior cerebral artery

B - branches from vertebral and basilar artery

C - same as brainstem

S - two posterior spinal arguers and singular anterior spinal artery

58
Q

what are the intracranial branches of the facial nerve

A

greater posterior nerve
nerve to stapedius
chorda tympani

59
Q

what are the extra cranial branches of the facial nerve

A

posterior auricular nerve
nerve to digastric and stylohyoid
terminal branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

60
Q

autonomic functions of the cranial nerves are all….

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

what is the role of the intracranial greater petrosal nerve

A

parasympathetic to mucous glands and lacrimal glands via V2

62
Q

what is the role of the intracranial nerve to the stapedius

A

motor fibres muscles o the middle ear to suppress hypersensitivity to sound

63
Q

what is the role of the intracranial nerve chorda tympani

A

sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue

parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands

64
Q

what is the difference between upper and lower motor neurone lesions

A

upper = whole side not usually affected due to combined contra and ipsilateral contribution

lower = whole side affected because all nerves affecting that side are travelling down

Year 2 - Control (16 decks)

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