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Year 2 - Control > Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem, Cerebrum, Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brainstem made up of

A

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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2
Q

what are the general functions of the brainstem

A

conduit - ascending and descending pathways reach the thalamus and cerebellum from spinal cord - contains relay neurones

integrative - control of CV, respiratory and consciousness in the reticular formation (eg balance)

contains cranial nerves

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3
Q

how many cranial nerves arise from the brainstem

A

10 out of 12 which form part of the PNS - they contain sensory and motor neurone

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4
Q

rostrally - what is the brainstem continuous with

A

the diencephalon ie thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

caudally what is the medulla continuous with

A

with the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum

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6
Q

looking at the brainstem ventrally what is present

A

clivus of occipital bone

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7
Q

looking at the brainstem dorsally what is present

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

which parts of the ventricular system run through the midbrain

A

IVth ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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9
Q

what is the obex

A

where ventricle IV becomes the central spinal cord

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10
Q

what three structures can be identified in the brainstem rostral to the obex

A

tectum - only in midbrain (posterior to ventricular system) made up of superior and inferior colliculi

tegmentum - contains cranial nerve nuclei and tracts, reticular formation and some ascend/descend pathway (anterior to ventricles)

basal - most anterior, descending pathways from cerebral cortex

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11
Q

what separates the tegmentum and the basal

A

substantia negri

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12
Q

ventrally, what can be seen on the medulla

A

pyramids
olives
postero-lateral sulcus
antero-lateral sulcus

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13
Q

what are the role of the pyramids in the medulla (can be seen ventrally)

A

in the basal area, bulges of white matter fibres, carry descending motor fibres which cross at the decussation of pyramids

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14
Q

why do we have contralateral control

A

decussation of pyramids - motor movements controlled by opposite sides of the brain

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15
Q

where would you find the olives of the medulla

A

lateral to the pyramids

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16
Q

where do you find the postero-lateral sulcus and what nerves arise here

A

dorsal to olives in the tegmentum areas

cranial nerve IX, X, XI

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17
Q

where do you find the anterolateral sulcus and where arises there

A

it separates the pyramids and olives in the tegmentum area

cranial nerve XII

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18
Q

the left are right medulla are separated by what

A

anterior median fissure

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19
Q

what are the two fasiculi which can be seen on the dorsal view
what do they contain

A 
cuneatus = lateral 
gracilis = medial

ascending sensory information

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20
Q

fasciculi turn into tubercles which are made up of what

A

afferent nuclei

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21
Q

what does the tegmentum contain vs the basal

A

T - dorsal contains ascending sensory fibres

B - ventral contains descending motor fibres

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22
Q

what are the three connections of the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

A

the superior peduncle with the midbrain,
the middle peduncle with the pons,
the inferior peduncle with the medulla oblongata.

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23
Q

where is the obex when the medulla is open and closed

A

open - rostral to obex

closed - caudal to obex

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24
Q

what is the PMJ

A

pontomedullary junction which separates the two structures

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25
what is the PmcJ
pontomesencephalic junction - separates the midbrain and the pons
26
what artery is seen from the ventral pons
basilar artery in the basilar groove
27
which cranial nerve arises form the PMJ
abducens (VI)
28
which cranial nerve arises from the ventral pons with a motor and sensory function
trigeminal (V)
29
what two main structures are seen on the dorsal view of the pons
peduncles | facial colliculus
30
what is within the ventral view of the midbrain
made up of crus cerebri - ascending and descending fibres
31
what is within the dorsal aspect o the midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
32
what are the inferior and superior colliculi associated with
SC - visual pathway | IC - auditory pathway
33
what is the reticular formation and what does it do
``` complex neurones in the tegmentum of brainstem, includes: reticular nuclei - descending motor vital autonomic centres ascending reticular actuating system pain sleep wake arousal ```
34
what is the location and role of the cerebellum
cerebellum does fine tune of movement (affects gait) | found under occipital lobe attached to the brainstem by three paired peduncles - superior middle and inferior
35
what is the flocculonodular lobe
flocculus and nodule in the centre of the cerebellum
36
how many of the cranial nerves are sensory and motor or mixed
sensory - afferent - 3 motor - efferent - 5 mixed - 4
37
which nerves are purely sensory
olfactory - 1 (smell) optic - 2 (vision) vestibulocochlear - 8 (hearing and balance)
38
which nerves are purely motor
``` oculomotor - 3 trochlear - 4 abducens - 6 accessory - 11 hypoglossal - 12 ```
39
which nerves are both sensory and motor
trigeminal - 5 facial - 7 glossopharyngeal - 9 vagus - 10
40
what is the function and test of cranial nerve 1-3
olfactory - special sensory smell - smelling item optic - special sensory - vision - papillary light reflex oculomotor - somatic motor (extra ocular muscles) visceral motor (colliery muscles) - follow finger test
41
what is the function and test of cranial nerve 4 and 6
trochlear nerve - somatic motor (superior oblique) - follow finger abducens - somatic motor (lateral rectus) - follow finger
42
what is the role of the lateral rectus and what is it innervated by
abducts eye control by abducens
43
the superior oblique muscle of the eye is controlled by what
trochlear nerve
44
what is cranial nerve 5 and what are the three divisions with functions and tests
trigeminal V1 - ophthalmic - somatic sensory (face above eyes) - cotton wool on forehead V2 - maxillary division - somatic sensory (between eye and mouth) - cotton wool bud on cheek V3 - madibular division - somatic sensory (lower face and anterior 2/3 tongue) somatic motor - mastication cotton wool on jaw and jaw jerk reflex or tense teeth
45
what is the function and test for cranial nerve 7
facial nerve somatic motor - muscles of face special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3 tongue visceral motor - all glands except parotid facial movement test
46
what is the function and test of cranial nerve 8
vestibulocochlear | special sensory - hearing and balance - rinnes and webers test
47
what is an acoustic neuroma
tumour affecting vestibulocohocelr (8) - hearing loss and tinnitus - loss of balance (can grow to affect facial nerve)
48
what is the function and test of cranial nerve 9
glossopharyngeal somatic motor - swallowing visceral motor - parotid gland special sensory - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue somatic sensory - middle ear, pharynx, posterior 1/3 tongue visceral sensory - carotid body and sinus (monitor O2 and BP) gag reflex
49
what is function and test from cranial nerve 10
vagus somatic motor - pharynx, larynx, uvula visceral motor/sensory - thoracic and GIT special sensory - taste of epiglottis and palate somatic sensory - epiglottis, skin of external ear, larynx test speaking and uvula movement
50
what is the function role and test for cranial nerves 11 and 12
11 - accessory - somatic motor - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius - shoulder shrug and rotate head 12 - hypoglossal - somatic motor muscles of tongue protrude tongue
51
what is the location and foramen of the first 4 cranial nerves
olfactory - nasal muscosa, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, extension of telencephalon - foramen - cribifrom plate optic - retina, optic chisma, optic tract, extensions of diencephalon - foramen - optic canal oculomotor - PMJ from interpeducnular fossa - foramen - super orbital fissure trochlear nerve - dorsal midbrain - foramen - superior orbital fissure
52
what is the location and foramen of cranial nerve 5-7
5 - trigeminal - from the pons - foreman - V1 (superior orbital fissure) V2 (foramen roteundunm) V3 (foramen ovale) 6 - PMJ - foramen - super orbital fissure 7 - cerebellopontine angle - foramen - internal acoustic meatus and out stylomastoid foramen
53
what are the locations and foramen of cranial nerves 8-10
8 - vestibulocochlear - Cerebellopontine angle - foramen - internal acoustic meatus 9 - glossopharyngeal - lateral to olives on medulla - foramen - jugular foramen 10 - vagus - same as 9
54
what are the locations and foramen of cranial nerve 11 and 12
11 - accessory - caudal medulla - formen - jugular foramen 12 - hypoglossal - anterolateral sulcus between pyramid and olives - foreman - hypoglossal canal
55
what are the parasymptateic autonomic ganglia of cranial nerve 3 7 and 9 and which trigeminal branch do they synapse with
3 - ciliary - V1 7 - pterygopalatine - V2 - submandibular - V3 9 - otic - V3
56
what are the sympathetic autonomic ganglia and trigeminal synapse associated
superior cervical ganglia of the vagus nerve which branch with itself
57
``` describe the blood supply to these locations diencephalon brainstem cerebellum spinal cord ```
D - thalamogeniculate branches and thalamoperforating branches of posterior cerebral artery B - branches from vertebral and basilar artery C - same as brainstem S - two posterior spinal arguers and singular anterior spinal artery
58
what are the intracranial branches of the facial nerve
greater posterior nerve nerve to stapedius chorda tympani
59
what are the extra cranial branches of the facial nerve
posterior auricular nerve nerve to digastric and stylohyoid terminal branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
60
autonomic functions of the cranial nerves are all....
parasympathetic
61
what is the role of the intracranial greater petrosal nerve
parasympathetic to mucous glands and lacrimal glands via V2
62
what is the role of the intracranial nerve to the stapedius
motor fibres muscles o the middle ear to suppress hypersensitivity to sound
63
what is the role of the intracranial nerve chorda tympani
sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue | parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands
64
what is the difference between upper and lower motor neurone lesions
upper = whole side not usually affected due to combined contra and ipsilateral contribution lower = whole side affected because all nerves affecting that side are travelling down

Year 2 - Control (16 decks)

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