Intro Flashcards
what are the sub divisions of the CNS
cerebrum - outer brain (telencephalon), inner brain (diencephalon)
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
cerebellum
spinal cord
in the brain, what does rostral, caudal mean
referring to above the midbrain - more distal from the midbrain
referring to above the midbrain but more proximal to the midbrain
in the brain was does anterior, posterior represent
applicable below the midbrain
what do superior and inferior refer to in the brain
anywhere across the brain
describe the difference in the cephalic flexure between the embryonic and adult brain
E - first bend in the embryonic brain
A - angle bends between the midbrain and diencephalon
describe the positioning of the forebrain and the occipital lobe
forebrain is bent ventrally around anterior end o the notochord
occipital lobe brought in the dorsal direction
what do these sulci separate
central
lateral
parieto-occipital
separates the frontal and parietal lobes
separates the frontal and the temporal lobes
separates the parietal and occipital lobe
what are the:
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
what do they contain
anterior to central sulcus - contains the primary motor cortex (primary centre of motor control)
posterior to central sulcus, contains the somatosensory cortex - an area where pathways terminate that carry touch, pressure, pain, temp from the opposite side of the body
what connects the hemispheres
corpus callosum which is deep to the longitudinal fissure
what is the role of the frontal lobe
located at the front of the brain associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language
what is the role of the parietal lobe
located in the middle section of the brain posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe
processing tactile sensory information such as pressure touch and pain
what is the role of the temporal lobe
located at the bottom section of the brain
associated with the primary auditory complex and the language we hear
formation of memories - contains the hippocampus
what is the role of the occipital lobe
located at the back of the brain
interpreting visual stimuli and information
contains primary visual cortex for interpreting information from the retina of the eye
what is the diencephalon made up of and what are the functions
thalamus - important relay station between brainstem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex
hypothalamus - controls the ANS
during the development of the brain what are the 3 swellings
forebrain - prosencephalon
midbrain - mesencephalon
hindrbain - rhombencaphlon
what happens when the 3 swellings become 5
the forebrain separates into the telencephalon and diencephalon
the hindbrain separates into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
what are the 3 meningeal covers
pia mater (deepest) arachnoid mater dure mater (superficial - deep to skull)
what are within the dura mater which allow the arachnoid villi to extend into
various venous sinuses
what is the role of the dural foldings
extend into fissures to stabilise the brain
what are the three dural foldings
falx cerebri - between cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebeli - between occipital lobes and cerebellum
falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres
what supplies the dura mater
middle meningeal artery
what does venous drainage of the brain lead into
dural venous sinuses
what leads into the straight sinus
deep cerebral veins drain into great cerebral vein
what do superficial cerebral veins drain into
superior sagittal sinus and the cavernous sinus
what is the confluence of sinuses
the superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus meeting
how does blood enter the internal jugular vein
via the transverse sinuses to the sigmoid sinuses
what are the two meningeal spaces
subdural space - between dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space - between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater which contains CSF
what is the role of the denticulate ligaments
anchors the spinal cord to the subarachnoid space
formed by the pit mater for spinal stability
what is the difference between real and potential space in the meninges
dural space and subarachnoid space is real which contain sinuses and CSF respectively
subdural and epidural space (brain) is potential ie empty
spinal epidural is real and filled with fat
what two pairs of arteries supply the brain
and what do they form
internal carotid arteries - enter through the cranial cavity through the carotid canal near the foramen lacerum
vertebral arteries - originate from the subclavian arteries and enter through the foramen magnum
they from the circle of willis
what does the circle of willis connect, its main role and what is surrounds
connects the internal carotid and vertebral (basilar system) surrounds optic chasm and hypothalamus
ensures compensation of decreased blood flow in one vessel
what are the constituents of the circle of willis
anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries
anterior and posterior communicating arteries
internal carotid arteries and the basilar arteries
what are berry aneurysms
abnormal dilations around the circle of willis or at the pouts of arterial branching within the brain - about 10% of vascular strokes are caused by rupture of a berry aneurysm leading to subarachnoid haemorrhage
what areas do the anterior cerebral artery supply
from the circle of willis supplies the superior and medial areas of the frontal and parietal lobes by travelling in the longitudinal fissures
what areas do the middle cerebral artery supply
supplies ge lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes travelling gin the lateral fissure and sulcus
what are striate arteries
branch from the middle cerebral artery which supply deep structures
what does the posterior cerebral artery supply
supplies the occipital lobe and medial surface of temporal lobe by curving around the midbrain
what structures do deep/perforating arteries supply (striate arteries)
deep nuclei
deep grey matter
internal capsule (major fibre bundle to and from cerebral cortex)
supply includes major descending motor pathway
what are watershed areas, what are they susceptible to
regions which receive blood from distal areas of adjacent cerebral arteries eg ACA and MCA, MCA and PCA
ischemia due to decreased blood pressure (watershed stroke)
what do these terms mean
grey matter white matter nucleus gangliom cortex tract peduncle
area of brain containing nerve cell bodies
area of brain contains axons
CNS - group of nerve cell bodies
collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
outermost layer of brain or any organ
a group of nerve cells that carry out similar roles
travelling through the CNS
stem/stalk containing axons (white matter)
