Intro

Question 1

what are the sub divisions of the CNS

Answer 1

cerebrum - outer brain (telencephalon), inner brain (diencephalon)
brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
cerebellum
spinal cord

Question 2

in the brain, what does rostral, caudal mean

Answer 2

referring to above the midbrain - more distal from the midbrain
referring to above the midbrain but more proximal to the midbrain

Question 3

in the brain was does anterior, posterior represent

Answer 3

applicable below the midbrain

Question 4

what do superior and inferior refer to in the brain

Answer 4

anywhere across the brain

Question 5

describe the difference in the cephalic flexure between the embryonic and adult brain

Answer 5

E - first bend in the embryonic brain

A - angle bends between the midbrain and diencephalon

Question 6

describe the positioning of the forebrain and the occipital lobe

Answer 6

forebrain is bent ventrally around anterior end o the notochord
occipital lobe brought in the dorsal direction

Question 7

what do these sulci separate

central
lateral
parieto-occipital

Answer 7

separates the frontal and parietal lobes
separates the frontal and the temporal lobes
separates the parietal and occipital lobe

Question 8

what are the:

precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

what do they contain

Answer 8

anterior to central sulcus - contains the primary motor cortex (primary centre of motor control)

posterior to central sulcus, contains the somatosensory cortex - an area where pathways terminate that carry touch, pressure, pain, temp from the opposite side of the body

Question 9

what connects the hemispheres

Answer 9

corpus callosum which is deep to the longitudinal fissure

Question 10

what is the role of the frontal lobe

Answer 10

located at the front of the brain associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language

Question 11

what is the role of the parietal lobe

Answer 11

located in the middle section of the brain posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe
processing tactile sensory information such as pressure touch and pain

Question 12

what is the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 12

located at the bottom section of the brain
associated with the primary auditory complex and the language we hear
formation of memories - contains the hippocampus

Question 13

what is the role of the occipital lobe

Answer 13

located at the back of the brain
interpreting visual stimuli and information
contains primary visual cortex for interpreting information from the retina of the eye

Question 14

what is the diencephalon made up of and what are the functions

Answer 14

thalamus - important relay station between brainstem, spinal cord and cerebral cortex
hypothalamus - controls the ANS

Question 15

during the development of the brain what are the 3 swellings

Answer 15

forebrain - prosencephalon
midbrain - mesencephalon
hindrbain - rhombencaphlon

Question 16

what happens when the 3 swellings become 5

Answer 16

the forebrain separates into the telencephalon and diencephalon
the hindbrain separates into the metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 17

what are the 3 meningeal covers

Answer 17

pia mater (deepest) 
arachnoid mater 
dure mater (superficial - deep to skull)

Question 18

what are within the dura mater which allow the arachnoid villi to extend into

Answer 18

various venous sinuses

Question 19

what is the role of the dural foldings

Answer 19

extend into fissures to stabilise the brain

Question 20

what are the three dural foldings

Answer 20

falx cerebri - between cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebeli - between occipital lobes and cerebellum
falx cerebelli - between cerebellar hemispheres

Question 21

what supplies the dura mater

Answer 21

middle meningeal artery

Question 22

what does venous drainage of the brain lead into

Answer 22

dural venous sinuses

Question 23

what leads into the straight sinus

Answer 23

deep cerebral veins drain into great cerebral vein

Question 24

what do superficial cerebral veins drain into

Answer 24

superior sagittal sinus and the cavernous sinus

Question 25

what is the confluence of sinuses

Answer 25

the superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus meeting

Question 26

how does blood enter the internal jugular vein

Answer 26

via the transverse sinuses to the sigmoid sinuses

Question 27

what are the two meningeal spaces

Answer 27

subdural space - between dura mater and arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space - between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater which contains CSF

Question 28

what is the role of the denticulate ligaments

Answer 28

anchors the spinal cord to the subarachnoid space

formed by the pit mater for spinal stability

Question 29

what is the difference between real and potential space in the meninges

Answer 29

dural space and subarachnoid space is real which contain sinuses and CSF respectively

subdural and epidural space (brain) is potential ie empty
spinal epidural is real and filled with fat

Question 30

what two pairs of arteries supply the brain

and what do they form

Answer 30

internal carotid arteries - enter through the cranial cavity through the carotid canal near the foramen lacerum

vertebral arteries - originate from the subclavian arteries and enter through the foramen magnum

they from the circle of willis

Question 31

what does the circle of willis connect, its main role and what is surrounds

Answer 31

connects the internal carotid and vertebral (basilar system) surrounds optic chasm and hypothalamus
ensures compensation of decreased blood flow in one vessel

Question 32

what are the constituents of the circle of willis

Answer 32

anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries
anterior and posterior communicating arteries
internal carotid arteries and the basilar arteries

Question 33

what are berry aneurysms

Answer 33

abnormal dilations around the circle of willis or at the pouts of arterial branching within the brain - about 10% of vascular strokes are caused by rupture of a berry aneurysm leading to subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 34

what areas do the anterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 34

from the circle of willis supplies the superior and medial areas of the frontal and parietal lobes by travelling in the longitudinal fissures

Question 35

what areas do the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 35

supplies ge lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes travelling gin the lateral fissure and sulcus

Question 36

what are striate arteries

Answer 36

branch from the middle cerebral artery which supply deep structures

Question 37

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 37

supplies the occipital lobe and medial surface of temporal lobe by curving around the midbrain

Question 38

what structures do deep/perforating arteries supply (striate arteries)

Answer 38

deep nuclei
deep grey matter
internal capsule (major fibre bundle to and from cerebral cortex)
supply includes major descending motor pathway

Question 39

what are watershed areas, what are they susceptible to

Answer 39

regions which receive blood from distal areas of adjacent cerebral arteries eg ACA and MCA, MCA and PCA
ischemia due to decreased blood pressure (watershed stroke)

Question 40

what do these terms mean

grey matter 
white matter 
nucleus 
gangliom 
cortex 
tract 
peduncle

Answer 40

area of brain containing nerve cell bodies

area of brain contains axons

CNS - group of nerve cell bodies

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

outermost layer of brain or any organ

a group of nerve cells that carry out similar roles
travelling through the CNS

stem/stalk containing axons (white matter)