Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Physiology > Local control of circulation > Flashcards

Local control of circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 regulatory task(s) of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Ensure adequate tissue perfusion
  2. Ensure physiological blood pressure levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A regulatory task(s) of the cardiovascular system is to ensure adequate tissue perfusion
-> What type of mechanism we need to use in this task?

A

Local control mechanisms
(Locally: only resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A regulatory task(s) of the cardiovascular system is to ensure physiological blood pressure levels
-> What type of mechanism we need to use in this task?

A

Systemic control mechanisms
(Systemic: pressure AND resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the cardiovascular parameters that can be influenced?

A

heart: CO=HR x SV
vessels: TPR
BP= CO x TPR
Ohm’s law: I=P/R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do local and systemic regulation overlap on the arterioles?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physiological vasoconstrictors and vasorelaxants

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 major factors affecting arteriolar radius?

A
  1. Neural controls
  2. Hormonal controls
  3. Local controls
    -> Affect arteriolar smooth muscle
    -> altered arteriolar radius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Autoregulation (Bayliss effect)?

A

Intrinsic ability of a body part to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Autoregulation (Bayliss effect) is a passive process that occur in the absence of ___

A

neural and hormonal influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

One of the major factors affecting arteriolar radius is NEURAL CONTROLS
-> What are the vasoconstrictors?

A

Sympathetic nerves that release norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One of the major factors affecting arteriolar radius is HORMONAL CONTROLS
-> What are the vasoconstrictors?

A

Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One of the major factors affecting arteriolar radius is HORMONAL CONTROLS
-> What are the vasodilators?

A

Epinephrine
Atrial natriuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

One of the major factors affecting arteriolar radius is LOCAL CONTROLS
-> What are the vasoconstrictors?

A
  1. Internal blood pressure (myogenic pressure)
  2. Endothelin-1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

One of the major factors affecting arteriolar radius is LOCAL CONTROLS
-> What are the vasodilators?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 actors of local circulation?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Endothelium cell (with basal membrane)
  3. (laminal) blood flow, lighter color represents higher velocity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the myogenic tone?

A

Myogenic tone is a state of muscle tone in living creatures that originates from the muscle itself rather than from the autonomic nervous system or from hormone processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to calculate the blood flow?

A

Blood flow=Pressure/Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The contribution of the myogenic tone to the regulation of the local blood flow
-> What happen if pressure increases?

A

Pressure increases
-> radius decerases
-> resistance increases

(Blood flow remains constant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An example of vessels that can be seen during systemic circulation

A

kidney-type vessels
-> Typically: systemic circulation (so-called kidney-type vessels)

(BUT! Lung-type vessels relax when the pressure elevates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happen during Hypoxia-related vasorelaxation?

A

Local hypoxia
→ intracellular ATP decreases
→ ATP-sensitive K+ channels open
→ hyperpolarization
→ L-type Ca++–channels opening decreases → cytoplasmic Ca++ –level decreases
→ vasorelaxation
-> velocity of blood flow increases as the resistance decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does Parenchima: the working tissue work?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List 8 local metabolites

A
  1. CO2
  2. Hydrogen ions
  3. Adenosine
  4. K+ ions
  5. Eicosanoids
  6. osmotically active products
  7. bradykinin
  8. nitric oxide ,
23
Q

carbon dioxide, a local metabolites is an end product of __

A

oxidative metabolism

24
Q

Local metabolites
-> adenosine, a breakdown product of ___

25
Local metabolites -> K+ ions, accumulated from ___
repeated action potential repolarization
26
Local metabolites -> eicosanoids, breakdown products of ____
membrane phospholipids (arachidonic acid to PGs)
27
Local metabolites -> osmotically active products from the breakdown of ___
high-molecular-weight substances
28
bradykinin is a local metabolite -> It is a peptide generated from ___
a circulating protein called kininogen
29
bradykinin is a local metabolite -> It is a peptide generated from a circulating protein called kininogen by the action of ___, secreted by ___
an enzyme, kallikrein , secreted by active gland cells
30
Local metabolites -> nitric oxide , a gas released by ____, which acts on the immediately adjacent vascular smooth muscle.
endothelial cells
31
Local metabolites -> nitric oxide , a gas released by endothelial cells, which acts on ___
the immediately adjacent vascular smooth muscle.
32
How does active hyperemia occur?
33
How does reactive hyperemia occur?
34
Parallel and perpendicular forces in the vessels
Hydrostatic pressure – vasoconstriction elevates the pressure Shear stress– higher, when blood flow is faster –increased pressure slows it
35
What type of force is used for Flow- mediated vasodilation?
shear stress
36
RBCs may contribute to vasodilation, mainly during ___
hypoxia
37
Hb-NO is a source of __ and ___
adenosine and ATP
38
Endothelial relaxing mechanism -> The role of Ca2+ signal
Ca++-signal in endothelial cells activates cyclooxigenase (COX), that converts arachidonic acid (AA) to relaxing prostaglandins (PGI2, PGE2) -> Hyperpolarization may propagate from endothelial cells to vascular smooth muscle
39
Steps of Endothelial relaxing mechanisms
Endothelial eNOS -> NO -> Diffuses into Smooth muscle -> Soluble guanylyl cyclase -> Increased cGMP↑ -> vasodilation
40
Flow Mediated Dilatation – FMD II -> How do we make Ultrasound Measurement?
1) a. brachialis - vascular diameter 2) a. brachialis - velocity of blood flow
41
Make a graph of Model of regulation of tissue blood flow – contemporary view
42
List the Platelets that contribute to vasoconstriction
- Thromboxane A2 - Serotonin - ATP, ADP, Ca++, epineprine
43
Endothel that contribute to vasoconstriction
* Thromboxane A2 * Endothelin * Lack of NO and PGE2/PGI2 release
44
Platelets and coagulation factor contribute to vasoconstriction -> How does Contribution of blood clotting occur?
* Thrombin (activated IIa coagulation factor) * triggers endothelial endothelin 1 production
45
List Inflammatory vasoactive mediators
1. Histamine causes systemic vasodilation 2. Cytokines and chemokines 3. Kinins 4. Eicosanoids 5. Lysosomal enzymes 6. NO 7. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
46
How do Kinins work as an inflammatory vasoactive mediators?
Kallikreins in plasma and tissue→bradykinin→vasodilation in inflammation
47
The role of histamine as an inflammatory vasoactive mediator
Histamine causes systemic vasodilation (H1: Gq, H2: Gs) -> Endothelium-mediated vasodilation (Gq on endothel -> Ca++- signal -> NO release)
48
The role of Inflammatory vasoactive mediators
1. Increased blood flow 2. Increased vascular permeability 3. Osmotically active particles in intestitium (e.g. degrading cells)
49
What happen if Starling-forces shift?
edema occur (The definition of edema is a swelling due to the expansion of interstitial fluid volume in tissues or an organ)
50
The role of Angiotensin
It has a leading role in blood pressure elevation
51
The role of Endothelin 1
one potent vasoconstrictor protein (e.g. activated platelets activate)
52
What is the Long-term regulation of local blood flow?
HIF serves as transcription factor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
53
Make a Vascular function curve
54
Make a graph that demonstrate Equilibrium point of the cardiovascular system

A Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions