6. Physiology of blood I., Blood groups

Question 1

What is the normal value of blood?

Answer 1

60 - 80 ml/kg
(70kg adult ~ 5L blood)

Question 2

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

Answer 2

1. Transport
2. Regulation
3. Protection

Question 3

Main function of bloood is transport
-> Which substance is involved?

Answer 3

O2, CO2
metabolites, nutrients and waste products hormones
heat

Question 4

4 major factors that blood need to regulate

Answer 4

1. Salt-water balance
2. osmotic concentration
3. acid-base balance
4. body temperature

Question 5

How can blood involve in protection of body?

Answer 5

1. Immune defense (pathogens, cancer cells)
2. Hemostasis (blood clotting)

Question 6

2 parts of blood

Answer 6

1. Blood plasma
2. Cellular elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Question 7

What is the composition of blood plasma?

Answer 7

90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% other organic compounds, electrocytes

Question 8

What does cellular elements in blood include?

Answer 8

1. RBCs
2. WBCs
3. Platelets

Question 9

Calculate hematocrit

Answer 9

= height of RBCs/Total height

Question 10

What is the normal value of hematocrit?

Answer 10

0.4 - 0.45

Question 11

Which part that makes blood plasma similar to interstitial fluid?

Answer 11

Ionic composition

Question 12

Blood plasma and interstitial fluid are separated by ___

Answer 12

capillary membrane (highly permeable)

Question 13

What makes blood plasma different from interstital fluid?

Answer 13

Protein concentration

Question 14

Concentration of proteins in blood plasma

Answer 14

7g/dL
1 mmol/L
14mEq/L

Question 15

Concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid

Answer 15

1g/dL

Question 16

Capillaries have ____ (low/high) permeability to proteins

Answer 16

Low

Question 17

The role of proteins in blood plasma

Answer 17

They are responsible for the osmotic pressure graident between intravascular and intnerstitial component

Question 18

What are the 3 principal plasma proteins?

Answer 18

1. Albumins
2. Globulins
3. Fibrinogen

Question 19

Albumin is the major contributor to the ___

Answer 19

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 20

3 principal plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrineogen
-> Give the distribution of the total colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 20

1. Albumin ~ 80%
2. globulins ~ 20%
3. fibrinogen ~ 0%

Question 21

Proteins in blood plasma produced by ___

Answer 21

• The liver (majority)
• B-lymphocytes (immunoglobulins)

Question 22

Cellular elements of blood

Identify

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the normal value of RBCs

Answer 23

4.5 - 5 milion/µl

Question 24

What is the normal value of platelets?

Answer 24

300 000/ µl

Question 25

What is the normal value of WBCs?

Answer 25

7000/µl

Question 26

What is the normal value of polymorphonuclear cell (granulocyte neutrophil)?

Answer 26

4000/µl

Question 27

What is the normal value of lymphocytes (WBCs)?

Answer 27

2000/µl

Question 28

What is the normal value of eosinophils (WBCs)?

Answer 28

200/µl

Question 29

What is the normal value of basophils (WBCs)?

Answer 29

50/µl

Question 30

What is life span of RBCs?

Answer 30

120 days

Question 31

What is life span platelets?

Answer 31

7 - 10 days

Question 32

What is life span of WBCs?

Answer 32

8 hours to years

Question 33

What is hematopoiesis?

Answer 33

The process by which blood cells are formed

Question 34

What are the 2 types of hematopoeisis?

Answer 34

1. Constitutive (steady-state) 2. Shess-induced

Question 35

What is constitutive hematopoiesis?

Answer 35

continuous replenishment of blood cells throughout lifetime

Question 36

What is shess-induced hematopoiesis?

Answer 36

increased output of certain blood cells induced by a shess signal

Question 37

2 examples of shess-induced hematopoiesis

Answer 37

1. Hypoxia: increased RBC production 2. Infection: increased PMN production

Question 38

Where can you observe hematopoiesis?

Answer 38

1. intrauterine: yolk sac -> liver, spleen -> bone marrow 2. Extrauterine: exclusively in red bone marrow + lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes

Question 39

What are hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 39

immature cells that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.