6. Physiology of blood I., Blood groups Flashcards
What is the normal value of blood?
60 - 80 ml/kg
(70kg adult ~ 5L blood)
What are the 3 main functions of blood?
- Transport
- Regulation
- Protection
Main function of bloood is transport
-> Which substance is involved?
O2, CO2
metabolites, nutrients and waste products hormones
heat
4 major factors that blood need to regulate
- Salt-water balance
- osmotic concentration
- acid-base balance
- body temperature
How can blood involve in protection of body?
- Immune defense (pathogens, cancer cells)
- Hemostasis (blood clotting)
2 parts of blood
- Blood plasma
- Cellular elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
What is the composition of blood plasma?
90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% other organic compounds, electrocytes
What does cellular elements in blood include?
- RBCs
- WBCs
- Platelets
Calculate hematocrit
= height of RBCs/Total height
What is the normal value of hematocrit?
0.4 - 0.45
Which part that makes blood plasma similar to interstitial fluid?
Ionic composition
Blood plasma and interstitial fluid are separated by ___
capillary membrane (highly permeable)
What makes blood plasma different from interstital fluid?
Protein concentration
Concentration of proteins in blood plasma
7g/dL
1 mmol/L
14mEq/L
Concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid
1g/dL
Capillaries have ____ (low/high) permeability to proteins
Low
The role of proteins in blood plasma
They are responsible for the osmotic pressure graident between intravascular and intnerstitial component
What are the 3 principal plasma proteins?
- Albumins
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen
Albumin is the major contributor to the ___
colloid osmotic pressure
3 principal plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrineogen
-> Give the distribution of the total colloid osmotic pressure
- Albumin ~ 80%
- globulins ~ 20%
- fibrinogen ~ 0%
Proteins in blood plasma produced by ___
- The liver (majority)
- B-lymphocytes (immunoglobulins)
Cellular elements of blood
Identify
What is the normal value of RBCs
4.5 - 5 milion/µl
What is the normal value of platelets?
300 000/ µl
What is the normal value of WBCs?
7000/µl
What is the normal value of polymorphonuclear cell (granulocyte neutrophil)?
4000/µl
What is the normal value of lymphocytes (WBCs)?
2000/µl
What is the normal value of eosinophils (WBCs)?
200/µl
What is the normal value of basophils (WBCs)?
50/µl
What is life span of RBCs?
120 days
What is life span platelets?
7 - 10 days
What is life span of WBCs?
8 hours to years
What is hematopoiesis?
The process by which blood cells are formed
What are the 2 types of hematopoeisis?
- Constitutive (steady-state)
- Shess-induced
What is constitutive hematopoiesis?
continuous replenishment of blood cells throughout lifetime
What is shess-induced hematopoiesis?
increased output of certain blood cells induced by a shess signal
2 examples of shess-induced hematopoiesis
- Hypoxia: increased RBC production
- Infection: increased PMN production
Where can you observe hematopoiesis?
- intrauterine: yolk sac -> liver, spleen -> bone marrow
- Extrauterine: exclusively in red bone marrow + lymphocytes in spleen and lymph nodes
What are hematopoietic stem cells?
immature cells that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
