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A Physiology > 10. Physiology of nerve cells, synaptic transmission in the central nervous system > Flashcards

10. Physiology of nerve cells, synaptic transmission in the central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What does nervous system include?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglial cells
  3. Blood vessels, connective tissue
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2
Q

What is neuron?

A

Function unit of the nervous system

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3
Q

What is neural circuits?

A

Interconnected neurons

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4
Q

4 types of neuroglial cells in CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
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5
Q

2 types of neuroglial cells in PNS

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
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6
Q

What are primary function of neurons?

A
  1. Transmission of information
  2. Processing of information

In the form of special electrical signals

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7
Q

Describe input and output of neural information

A
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8
Q

Identify 4 basic regions of neuron

A
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9
Q

Identify parts of neuron

A
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10
Q

Function of cell body

A
  1. Metabolic control center
  2. Manufacturing and recycling plant (nucleus, ER, Golgi - protein synthesis)
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11
Q

4 characteristics of action potential

A
  1. Graded
  2. Localized
  3. Spreads with decrement
  4. Low amplitude
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12
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

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13
Q

Function of axon

A

transmits outgoing signals to axon terminals

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14
Q

Function of axon terminals

A

Form synapses, where outgoing signals pass to (the dendrite of) another neuron

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15
Q

3 examples of electrotonic potentials of neurons

A
  1. Receptor potential (generator potential)
  2. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
  3. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (graded, localized, spreads with decrement, low aplitude)
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16
Q

4 characteristics of action potential

A
  1. All-or-none
  2. Regenerating
  3. Spreads without decrement
  4. High amplitude

(a spreading wave of voltage-gated Na+ channel activation)

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17
Q

Example of receptor potential

A

Pseudounipolar sensory neuron

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18
Q

What type of receptor is receptor potential?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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19
Q

What type of receptor is receptor potential?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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20
Q

How does receptor potential work?

A
  1. Mechanosensitive cation channel: closed
  2. Mechanical stimulus
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21
Q

Sensory receptor: generation of action potential
-> How does it happen?

A

Electrotonic depolarization
-> spreads with decrement
-> Voltage-gated Na+ channels open (TTX-sensitive, lidocaine)

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22
Q

What are the 3 channels participating in generation of action potential in neuron?

A
  1. Mechanosensitive Na+
  2. Voltage-gated Na+
  3. Voltage-gated K+
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23
Q

Sensory receptor: generation of action potential
-> Identify

A

Subthreshold mechanical stimulus

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24
Q

Sensory receptor: generation of action potential
-> Identify

A

Suprathreshold stimulus

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25
Maintained receptor potential induces repititive AP firing -> What will happen at this time?
Stimulus to sensory receptor
26
Maintained receptor potential induces repititive AP firing -> What will happen at this time?
Suprathreshold receptor potential (electrotonic depolarization) is present
27
Maintained receptor potential induces repititive AP firing -> What will happen at this time?
1. Repolarization below threshold 2. Voltage-gated channels return to the closed state (from the inactivated state) 3. Voltage-gated K+ channels close
28
Maintained receptor potential induces repititive AP firing -> What will happen at this time?
Resting state
29
Maintained receptor potential induces repititive AP firing -> What will happen at this time?
1. Voltage-gated K+ channels open 2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate
30
What does the amplitude of receptor potentiall determine?
Action potential frequency
31
The amplitude of receptor potential determine AP -> What does the pink part mean?
Suprathreshold, small stimulus
32
The amplitude of receptor potential determine AP -> What does the pink part mean?
Strong stimulus
33
How is AP frequency affected by the strength of stimulus
The stronger the stimulus -> The higher the amplitude of receptor potential -> The higher the AP frequency
34
What are the 2 main classes of synapses?
Electrical and chemical synapses
35
What are the mechanisms of eletrical and chemical synapses?
E: Electric conduction C: Chemical neurotransmitter
36
What are the directions of transmission?
1. Bidirectional 2. Unidirectional (from pre- to postsynaptic cell)
37
Do electrical and chemical synapses have delay?
E: No C: 1 - 5 msec
38
What are the localizations of electrical and chemical synapses?
E: CNS & PNS, smooth muscle, heart muscle C: CNS & PNS
39
What are the structures of electrical and chemical synapses?
E: gap junction C: Pre-, postsynaptic membrane, vesicles
40
What is the function of gap junctions (electrical synapse)
Synchronization: depolarization directly spreads from one cell to the other
41
How does electrical synapse work in case of gap junctions?
1. AP arrives (depolarization) 2. Ca2+ channels open 3. Exocytosis 4. Transmitter binds to postsynaptic receptor 5. Postsynaptic electrotonic potential develops
42
what is the voltage of depolarization for miliseconds? (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
0.1 - 5 mV
43
What is excitatory postsynaptic potential caused by?
The opening of ligand-gated non-selective cation channels
44
What is the most frequent transmitter for EPSP?
Glutamate
45
What are the 2 glutamate receptor types?
1. Ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated channels) 2. Metatropic receptor (G-protein coupled, 7TM)
46
What are the 2 subtypes of ionotropic Glu receptors (ligand-gated ion channels)?
1. AMPA 2. NMDA
47
Characteristic of AMPA (a subtype of ionotropic Glu receptors)
Permeable to univalent cations (Na+ influx)
48
What are required for the opening of NMDA, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors?
Univalent cations and Ca2+ depolarization is required for opening
49
2 examples of metatropic receptors
- G protein coupled - 7TM
50
What is the voltage of hyperpolarization for miliseconds of inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
0.1 - 5 mV
51
What is the voltage of stabilization for miliseconds of inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
Stabilization of Em at negative values
52
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is typically caused by __
the opening of ligand-gated chloride channels (or opening K+ channels)
53
What is the most frequent transmitter for inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
GABA
54
What are the 2 GABA receptor types for inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
1. GABA-A receptor: ligand-gated Cl- channel 2. GAPA-B receptor: 7TM
55
What can activate GABA-A receptor type?
Benzodiazepin
56
Describe 7TM (GABA-B receptor)
- Gi protein - Opening of K+ channel
57
How do we summate postsynaptic potentials?
EPSP + IPSP
58
What happen if we have small summated EPSP?
Low AP frequency
59
What is the strength of AP if we have large summated EPSP?
High AP frequency
60
# The amplitude of summated post synaptic potentials determine AP What do the green and blue arrows indicate?
G: Depolarizinng effect of summated EPSPs B: Repolarizing effect of voltage-gated K+ channels
61
One neuron has only one input/ouput -> T/F?
False -> One neuron - many input/output (through synapses)
62
What are the 2 types of summation do we have?
Spatial and temporal summations
63
Where can you high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels on a neuron?
- High density of these channels on axon hillock - Less on dendrites and cell body
64
If we combine EPSPs and IPSPs and reach the threshold of Na+ -> what will we obtain?
Action potential
65
The amplitude of combined postsynaptic potential is encoded in ___
AP frequency
66
Can only 1 synapse evoke AP?
NO!!!!!
67
What is the characteristic AP pattern?
Special channel repertoire
68
Where are synaptic vesicles synthesized?
In cell body
69
How are synaptic vesicles transported to the axon terminal?
By axonal transport
70
How does axonal transport work?
Synaptic vesicles are transported along microtubules with motor proteins
71
What are the 2 types of axonal transport?
1. Anterograde 2. Retrograde
72
What is anterograde axonal transport?
movement of molecules/organelles outward, from the cell body (also called soma) to the synapse or cell membrane. -> With the help of kinesins
73
How can anterograde axonal transport speed up?
By using vesicular cargo, 50 - 400 mm/day
74
How can anterograde axonal transport slow down?
by using proteins (1 - 10mm/day)
75
What is retrograde axonal transport?
Retrograde axonal transport conveys materials from axon to cell body.
76
Which molecules assist in retrograde axonal transport?
Dyneins
77
What are the constiuents of synaptic vesicles?
1. Neurotransmotter 2. Proteins involved in exocytosis 3. Proteins for transmitter uptake (into the vesicle)
78
How does the uptake of neurotransmitter into the synaptic vesicles?
By using... 1. V-type proton pump (ATPase) 2. Neurotransmitter-proton exchanger
79
Where is the neurotransmitter present?
In presynaptic nerve terminal
80
A neurotransmitter is synthesized by ___
Presynaptic neuron
81
A neurotransmitter is released in response to __
presynaptic depolarization
82
There are not any specific receptors on the post synaptic cell for a type of neurotransmitter -> T/F
False -> there are specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
83
What will neurotransmitter cause in the target cell?
A response
84
What are the 3 common types of neurotransmitters?
1. Small-molecule neurotransmitters 2. Peptide neurotransmitters, neuromodulators 3. Gas neurotransmitters
85
What are the 4 subtypes of small-molecule neurotransmitters?
1. Amino acids 2. Acetylcholine 3. Biogenic amines 4. ATP, adenosine
86
List 3 amino acids that are small-molecule neurotransmitters
1. Glutamate 2. GABA 3. Glycine
87
List 3 biogenic amines which are small-molecule neurotransmitters
- Catecholamines - Serotonin - Histamine
88
Give 3 examples of catecholamines that are small-molecule neurotransmitter
1. Dopamine 2. Norepinephrine (=noradrenaline) 3. Epinephrine (=adrenaline)
89
Give 5 examples of peptide neurotransmitters (a.k.a. neuromodulators)
1. GI hormones 2. Pituitary hormones 3. Hypothalamic hormones 4. Opioid peptides 5. Neuropeptide Y
90
What are the 4 examples of neuropeptide Y which are peptide neurotransmitters (= neuromodulators)?
- CGRP - Substance P - Neuropeptide K - Galanin
91
What is an example of gas neurotransmitter?
NO (nitric oxide)
92
3 steps of termination of transmitter effect
1. Diffusion 2. Reuptake by presynaptic terminal (in general, cotransport with Na+) 3. Enzymatic breakdown (acetylcholinesterase)
93
Is binding to receptors a major pathway of elimination?
NO!!!!

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