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A Physiology > 12. Autonomic neurotransmitters and physiology of smooth muscle > Flashcards

12. Autonomic neurotransmitters and physiology of smooth muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the central nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory division
  2. Motor division
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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the central nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory division
  2. Motor division
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3
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of motor division in CNS?

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Somatic nervous systemm
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4
Q

Which muscles and structures are included in autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Glands
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5
Q

Which muscle is included in somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
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7
Q

What is the origin of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Craniosacral

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8
Q

What is the origin of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoracolumbar

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9
Q

Position of the ganglia of parasympathetic nervous system

A

Near or in the organ

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10
Q

Position of the organ of sympathetic nervous system

A

Close to the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is the type of pregangliar axons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

B type, myelinated

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12
Q

The pregangliar axon in parasympathetic system is ___ (short/long)?

A

Long

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13
Q

The pregangliar axon in sympathetic system is ___ (short/long)?

A

short

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14
Q

What is the type of postgangliar axons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

C-type, unmyelinated

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15
Q

Are the postgangliar axons in parasympathetic nervous system long or short?

A

Short

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16
Q

Are the postgangliar axons in parasympathetic nervous system long or short?

A

Long

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17
Q

What is the pregangliar neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetyl-choline

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18
Q

What is the pregangliar neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetyl-choline
(the same thing in parasympathetic nervous system)

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19
Q

What are the postgangliar receptors of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

They are nicotine-AchR (neuronal type)

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20
Q

What is the postgangliar neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system? (classic and nonclassic NTs)

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Non-classic neurotransmitters: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  • Nitric oxide (NO)
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21
Q

What is the postgangliar neurotransmitter of sympathetic nervous system? (classic and nonclassic NTs)

A
  • Classic: Norepinephrine
  • Nonclassic: Neuropeptide Y; ATP
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22
Q

Sympathetic system and parasympathetic systems make up a pathway which is ___

A

Two-synapse pathway

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23
Q

What is n-AchR? What is the function?

A

ligand-gated ion channels (Na+/K+)
-> cause rapid depolarization on postganglionic neuron

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24
Q

What is the general role of POSTGGL. NEURON?

A

Integrate and transfer neural signals to periphery

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25
Q

Nonclassic neurotransmitters can be released at each level of ___

A

Autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

What type of classic-NT releases that associate with non-classic NTs?

A

Cotransmission and colocalization

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27
Q

What are the 2 functions of Nonclassic neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Cause slow synaptic potential
  2. Modulate the response
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28
Q

What are the 4 important examples of nonclassic neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  2. Nitric oxide (NO)
  3. Neuropeptide Y
  4. ATP
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29
Q

The role of Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

A
  • Associate with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
    (Gs, cAMP↑, relaxation)
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30
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide?

A

Short-lived gas (NOS; GC activation → lower [Ca2+]IC, relaxation)

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31
Q

Neuropeptide Y colocalizes with ____

A

Norephinephrine

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32
Q

Neuropeptide Y is released after __

A

prolonged intense stimulus, contraction

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33
Q

The role of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a nonclassic NT

A

Acts on purinoreceptors (Ca2+ signal; contraction)

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34
Q

A single axonal branch can influence higher number of ___

A

targets

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35
Q

What is the pregangliar NT in adrenal medulla?

A

Acetylcholine

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36
Q

What is the NT receptor on postgangliar neurons in adrenal medulla?

A

nicotine - AchR (neuronal type)

37
Q

Which cell starts the Synthesis of epinephrine in the adrenal medulla?

A

Chromaffin cell

38
Q

The role of Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)?

A

an enzyme found primarily in the adrenal medulla that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.

39
Q

Expression of PNMT depends on ___

A

high local cortisol level (from adrenal cortex)

40
Q

How to convert norepinephrine to epinephrine?

A

Methylation by PNMT

41
Q

Example: effect of cotransmission of ATP & neuropeptide Y

A
  1. ATP produces a rapid contraction of the smooth muscle
  2. Norepinephrine produces a moderately fast response
  3. Neuropeptide Y produces the slowest response
42
Q

Example of Antagonistic effects on the same target at the same time

A

Example: sinoatrial node in the heart

Sympathetic : NE, E → β1R → heart rate ↑
Parasympathetic: Ach → m2AchR → heart rate ↓

43
Q

An example of antagonistic effects on different target cells

A

Example: pupillary size

Sympathetic → constriction in pupil dilator → pupil dilation
Parasympathetic → constriction in pupil constrictor → pupil constriction

44
Q

An example of similar effects on the same target

A

Example: secretion of the salivary glands
Sympathetic → thick, viscous secretion
Parasympathetic → watery secretion

45
Q

An example in which one division has different effect on the same target

A

Example: sympathetic division on vascular smooth muscle NE → α1R → vasoconstriction
E → β2R → vasodilation (coronary, skeletal muscle)

46
Q

Examples of sympathomimetic drugs that have direct effects on sympathetic stimulation

A
  1. adrenergic receptor agonist (epinephrine, methoxamine)
  2. α-agonists (phenylephrine)
  3. β-agonists (isoprotenerol)
47
Q

Examples of sympathomimetic drugs that have indirect effects on sympathetic stimulation

A

**Indirect „potentiating effect”
**
- cause release of NE (ephedrine, amphetamine,metamphetamine)
- block NE reuptake (cocaine)

48
Q

Examples of drugs that have diect effect on Block adrenergic activity

A
  • α-blockers (phentolamine, prazosin)
  • β-blockers (propranolol, atenolol)
49
Q

Examples of drugs that have indirect effect on Block adrenergic activity.

A

Block synthesis, storage and release of NE (reserpine, guanethidine)

50
Q

How can sympathomimetic drugs have indirect „potentiating effect”?

A
  • cause release of NE (ephedrine, amphetamine,metamphetamine)
  • block NE reuptake (cocaine)
51
Q

How can drugs have indirect effect that block adrenergic activity?

A

Block synthesis, storage and release of NE (reserpine, guanethidine)

52
Q

How can parasympathomimetic drugs have a direct effect on parasympathetic stimulation?

A
  • Ach – short-lived
  • muscarinic receptor agonist (pilocarpine)
53
Q

Example of Parasympathomimetic drugs that have direct effect on parasympathetic stimulation

A

pilocarpine

54
Q

How can parasympathomimetic drugs achieve indirect „potentiating” effect in parasympathetic stimulation?

A
  • Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (neostigmine)
  • Organophosphate poisoning
  • pesticides: parathion, malathion; nerve gases: soman, sarin, novicsok
55
Q

How can parasympathomimetic drugs achieve effect in blocking cholinergic activity? Give an example

A

competitive inhibitor of m-AchRs (atropine)

56
Q

Are the smooth mucle cells multinucleated?

A

No, they are uninucleated

57
Q

Are smooth muscle cells striated?

A

No, they are non-sriated

58
Q

What is the contractile unit of smooth muscle cells?

A

sarcomere

59
Q

Do the smooth muscle cells have L-disk? Why?

A

No, they don’t have L-disks
-> They have dense bodies

60
Q

Do the muscle cells have T-tubules?

A

No

61
Q

What type of junctions can you find between smooth muscle cells?

A
  • Mechanical junctions
  • Functional (electrical, chemical) junctions
62
Q

Smooth muscle cells contract if ___ (related to Calcium concentration)

A

The intracellular calcium concentration increases

63
Q

Ca2+- dependent contraction in smooth muscles

How can IC [Ca2+] rise?

A
  1. Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm through channels in caveoli
  2. Ca2+ release from the sarcomplasmic reticulum
64
Q

Name of these types of smooth-muscle action potentials

A
65
Q

What happen during depolarizing phase?

A

opening of L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels

66
Q

What happen during repolarizing phase?

A

delayed activation of voltage gated K+ channels

67
Q

What happen during slow waves (a type of smooth-muscle action potential)?

A

Ca2+ -dependent K+ channels

68
Q

Are voltage-dependent Na+ channels necessary in smooth-muscle action potential?

A

No

69
Q

Spontaneous electrical activity in some smooth muscle
-> How do Regular, repetitive oscillations: slow waves (interstitial Cajal cells) occur?

A
70
Q

What are the 2 types of smooth muscle?

A
  1. Multiunit SM
  2. Single unit (unitary SM)
71
Q

Name 2 types of contraction

A
72
Q

Describe this graph

A

[Ca2+]IC , cross-bridge phosphorylation and force reach a peak and return to the baseline

73
Q

Describe this graph

A

[Ca2+]IC , cross-bridge phosphorylation decline after a peak but do not return to the baseline
-> Latch-state with low energy expedinture

74
Q

What does this graph indicate?

A

Contractile activity patterns by different smooth muscles

75
Q

What are the 2 types of Ca2+ signal?

A
  1. Voltage-dependent (depolarizing)
  2. Voltage-independent (pharmacomechanical coupling)
76
Q

Where can you find voltage-dependent Ca2+ signal?

A
  1. From adjacent cell (gap junction)
  2. Neuronal skin (NT-induced)
  3. Mechanical stress (Bayliss-effect)
77
Q

Where can you find voltage-indepedent Ca2+ signal?

A
  1. SR Ca2+ release (sarcomplasmic reticulum) via IP3 pathway and Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release
  2. Ca2+ rentry through non-voltage-dependent channel
78
Q

Are action potentials always needed to initiate contractions?

A

No, they are not.

79
Q

How does contraction occur?

A

Ca2+ -> Ca2+ calmodulin complex -> MLCK activation -> Phosphhorylation of MLC20
-> Cause conformational change (ATP-ase activation increase, interaction with actin)

80
Q

What happen if MLCK/MP activity is high?

A

MLC-P/MLC increase -> leads to contraction

81
Q

What happen if MLCK/MP activity is low?

A

MLC-P/MLC decreases -> leads to relaxation

82
Q

Why is ratio of MLC-P/MLC important?

A

It is used to generate force

83
Q

Make a schematic drawing of contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells

A
84
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscle cells occur via 2 pathways which are ___

A
  1. cAMP pathway
  2. cGMP pathway
85
Q

Make a schematic drawing of NO signaling

A
86
Q

What are the 3 main components in termination of Ca2+ signal?

A
  1. PM Ca2+ - ATPase
  2. PM Na+/Ca2+ antiporter
  3. SR Ca2+ - ATPase (SERCA pump)
87
Q

What are the 3 main components in termination of Ca2+ signal?

A
  1. PM Ca2+ - ATPase
  2. PM Na+/Ca2+ antiporter
  3. SR Ca2+ - ATPase (SERCA pump)
88
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

What is Rachet action?

A

Actin is pulled toward the center

A Physiology (20 decks)

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