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A Physiology > Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism III > Flashcards

Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism III Flashcards

1
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
1. What are 1 & 2?

A

1/ Beta cell
2/ Insulin

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2
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
2. What are 1 & 2?

A

1/ Blood glucose
2/ Plasma FFA & ketone body

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3
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
3. What are the 2 things that are increased?

A

1/ Increase glucose uptake and utilization (muscle and adipose)
2/ Increase hepatic conversion of glucose to glycogen and lipids

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4
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
4. What is the thing that is decreased?

A

Decrease hepatic glucose production

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5
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
5. What are the 2 things that are inhibited?

A

1/ Inhibit hepatic ketogenesis
2/ Inhibit HSL and decrease release of FFAs from adipose

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6
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
6. What are happening here?

A

1/ Stimulate secretion
2/ Decrease level
3/ Decrease level

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7
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
2A. If blood glucose level is decreased, what will happen?

A
  • blood glucose level is decreased
    -> alpha cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon
    -> Glucagon:
    1) Stimulate beta cells
    2) Increase hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
    3) Decrease hepatic conversion of glucose to glycogen or lipids
    4) Increase hepatic ketogenesis
    => Blood glucose, FFA and ketone bodies levels will be increased
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8
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
2B. Which factor inhibit alpha cells to secrete glucagon?

A

Insulin

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9
Q

I. Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism
3A. How does decreasing blood glucose level affect sympathoadrenal activity?

A
  • decreasing blood glucose level inhibit sympathoadrenal activity to secrete catecholamines:
    1/ Decrease glucose uptake by adipose and muscle
    2/ Increase release of gluconeogenic substrates from muscle and adipose
    3/ Increase HSL and release FFAs from adipose
    4**/ Stimulate alpha cells to secrete glucagon
    => Increase blood glucose level
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10
Q

II.
1. Which condition that fits these charts?

A
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11
Q

II. Draws the chart that demonstrate plasma cortisol level that corresponds to stress

A
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12
Q

III. Other hormones
1A. What are the effects of glucocorticoids in case of stress?

A

CNS in respond to stress
-> ACTH
-> Glucocortidcoids
-> Effects:
1/ Proteolysis ↑
2/ Insulin sensitivity↓
3/ Potentiation of epinephrine and glucagon effect
4/ Gluconeogenesis (enzyme expression)

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13
Q

III. Other hormones
1B. Glucocorticoids can cause Insulin sensitivity↓. How?

A

– IR kinase activity ↓
– Plasma membrane GLUT-4 ↓
– Phosphodiesterase inhibition

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14
Q

III. Other hormones
1C. Glucocorticoids can causePotentiation of epinephrine and glucagon effect? How?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibition

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15
Q

III. Other hormones
1D. What happen in fasting? (glucocorticoids (cortisol))

A

In fasting, its basal level is necessary for the effects of hypergylcemic hormons

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16
Q

III. Other hormones
1E. What are permissive effects of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

A

1/ β-receptor
2/ glucagon secretion
3/ cAMP signal transduction

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17
Q

III. Other hormones
1F1. Draw a schematic diagram explaining effect of cortisol in skeletal muscle?

A
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18
Q

III. Other hormones
1F2. Draw a schematic diagram explaining what happen if we there is no cortisol in skeletal muscle?

A
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19
Q

III. Other hormones
1G1. Draw a schematic diagram explaining effect of cortisol in fat tissue?

A
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20
Q

III. Other hormones
1G2. Draw a schematic diagram explaining what happen if we there is no cortisol in fat tissue?

A
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21
Q

III. Other hormones
1H1. Draw a schematic diagram explaining the effects of cortisol in the liver

A
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22
Q

III. Other hormones
1H2. Draw a schematic diagram explaining what happen if there is no cortisol in liver?

A
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23
Q

III. Other hormones
2. What are the acute effects of high cortisol level on the intermediary metabolism (fasting/acute
stress)

A

Potetiation of epinephrine and glucagon effects
* Permissive effect for β-receptor and glucagon expression
* Augmentation of cAMP signal transduction– PDE inhibition

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24
Q

III. Other hormones
3A. What are the Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism?

25
III. Other hormones - Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism 3B. What happens here?
Plasma glucose ↑ Plasma FFA ↑
26
III. Other hormones - Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism 3C. What happens here?
1/ Plasma insulin ↑ 2/ BUT Plasma glucose ↑ 3/ Plasma FFA ↑ persist
27
III. Other hormones - Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism 3D. What happens here?
1/ Synergic effects with insulin 2/ Lipogenesis in central fat tissues ↑
28
III. Hormones - Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism 3E. What happen here?
1/ Fat cell differentiation↑; Lipogenesis ↑ 2/ Glycogen synthesis in the liver
29
III. Other Hormones - Effects of chronic elevation in cortisol on intermediary metabolism 3F. What happen here?
1/ Liver gluconeogenesis ↑ 2/ Muscle, fat insulin sensitivity ↓ 3/ Muscle, fat glucose uptake ↓ 4/ Lipolysis ↑ 5/ Proteolysis ↑
30
III. Other Hormones 4. Explain Glucocorticoid metabolism in central fat tissues
31
III. Other Hormones 5. Draw a schematic diagram explaining hypoglycemia and plasma growth hormone level
32
III. Other Hormones 6. What happen if growth hormone is inhibited?
33
III. Other Hormones 7. What are direct effects of GH?
34
III. Other Hormones 8. What are INdirect effects of GH?
35
III. Other Hormones 9. What are the thresholds for the effects of hyperglycemia?
36
III. Other Hormones 10A. What is ketogenic diet?
Ketogenic diets: from cancer to mitochondrial diseases and beyond
37
III. Other Hormones 10B. What are the consequences of ketogenic diets?
1/ Increasing mitochondrial function 2/ Increasing mitochondrial biogenesis 3/ Decreasing oxidative stress 4/ decreasing MtD pathogenic mutation
38
III. Other Hormones 10C. Identify
39
III. Other Hormones 10D. Identify
40
III. Other hormones 11A. How do thyroid hormones affect glucose level?
1/ Glucose uptake by intestine (liver) (GLUT-2) ↑ 2/ Gluconeogenesis ↑ 3/ Glycogenolysis ↑ 4/ Glycolysis ↑ 5/ Glucose turnover ↑
41
III. Other hormones 11B. How do thyroid hormones affect fatty acids level?
1/ Lipolysis ↑ 2/ FFA synthesis ↑ 3/ FA oxidation ↑ 4/ Lipid turnover ↑
42
III. Other hormones 11C. How do thyroid hormones affect protein level?
* Proteolysis ↑ * Protein synthesis ↑ Protein turnover ↑
43
III. Other hormones 11D. What are other effects of thyroid hormone?
* ß-receptor expression (permissive effect) adrenergic effect augmentation * + glucagon, GH, cortisol effect augmentation
44
III. Other hormones 12. What is the role of androgens? (sex steroids)
1/ Protein synthesis ↑ 2/ Lipolysis ↑ 3/ Lipogenesis ↓ 4/ Fat accumulation in central fat tissues ↑ 5/ Insulin sensitivity ↑ (in man)
45
III. Other hormones 13. What is the role of Estrogens/progesteron? (sex steroids)
1/ Protein synthesis ↑ 2/ Lipolysis ↑ 3/ Lipogenesis ↓ 4/ Fat accumutaion in subcutaneous fat tissues ↑ 5/ Insulin sensitivity ↑ (estrogen) 6/ BUT Insulin sensitivity ↓ (progesteron)
46
III. Other hormones 14. Draw the schematic diagram explaining PCO?
47
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 1. What is the Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism?
1. Triglyceride storage 2. Production of peptide mediators; adipocytokines/adipokines
48
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 2. How is the production of adipokines regulated?
The production of adipokines is substantially regulated by the triglyceride content of fat cells, the general nutritional status
49
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 3. Where is adipokines regulated?
Adipokines produced by fat cells
50
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 4. Make a schematic diagram explaining effects of adipokines
51
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 5. Make a schematic diagram explaining effects of adipokines in the liver
52
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 6. Make a schematic diagram explaining effects of adipokines on insulin and glucagon production
53
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 7. What is the role of leptin?
1/ reduces apetite 2/ inhibits insulin secretion 3/ insulin resistency ? (in fat) 4/ increases fatty acid oxidation
54
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 8A. What is the role of Adiponectin?
1/ Subcutaneous fat storage 2/ Other tissues (liver, muscle, pancreatic islets) 3/ Insulin sensitivity increases 4/ Reduces TNFα and IL-6 production
55
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 8B. Adiponectin also affects Subcutaneous fat storage -> What are the effects involved?
– Fat tissue hyperplasia – Activity of LPL is increased – Increased lipid storage
56
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 8C. Adiponectin also affects Other tissues (liver, muscle, pancreatic islets) -> What are the effects involved?
– Reduced lipid level – Reduced ectopic fat storage
57
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 8D. Adiponectin also increase Insulin sensitivity increases -> What are the effects involved?
– Plasma glucose level decreases – Plasma FFA level decreases
58
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 8F. Adiponectin also Reduces TNFα and IL-6 production -> What are the effects involved?
Anti-inflammatory effect (important in the prevention of atherosclerosis)
59
IV. Role of fat tissues in energy metabolism 9. What is the role of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ)?

A Physiology (20 decks)

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