lo5 control and regulatory systems Flashcards
up to malfunctions
what is the nervous system responsible for
receives, transmits and responds to information from the external environment and the body’s internal environment
what is the central nervous system responsible for
- control centre of the body
-brain and spinal cord connected
what is the spinal cord responsible for
-protected by specialised bones called vertebrae
- bones have hollow centre
- transfers nerves to and from brain
what is autonomic nervous system for
- controls and regulates processes such as heart rate, involuntary (peristalsis)
sensory and motor neurons (somatic)
- sensory neurons transmit information from the senses to the brain (earsm eyes)
- motor neurons transmit information from the muscles to the brain
- sensory and motor nerve pathways work together (ie pick up a pen)
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside CNS, makes up PNS
relays information from brain to spinal cord
reverses information from body to brain and spinal cord
what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
what are the two components if the somatic nervous system
sensory nervous system and motor nervous system
what is the cerebal cortex
wrinkly outerlayer
thinking and processing
4 lobes and each is responsibke for processing information
what is the cerebellum
back of the skull, coordinates and regulated muscle activity
gross and fine motor skills ie walking
controls muscles to maintain balance
what is the frontal lobe
higher mental processes, decision making, problem solving, planning
what is the corpus callosum
connects the two hemispheres for communication, bridge of nerve tissue
what is the hypothalamus
maintenance of body temperatures and regulates appetite and thirst
what is the medulla
carries out and regulates life functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate)
what is the meninges
three outermost layers of membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord, provides barrier from the rest of the body, protection from infection
what are the dendrons (dendrites)
shorter branched, receive electrical impulses, conducted away, can be 1000 of them
what is the myelin sheath
fatty white substance which is a protective insulin layer, quick electrical impulses
what is a neuron
transmits electrical impulses (information) from one part of the body to another
name the 4 steps of synaptic transmission
- electrical impulse travels along the axon
- triggers nerve ending neuron to release neurotransmitters
- chemicals diffuse acorss synapse (transmit signals)
- bind with receptor molecules on membrane of the next neuron
what is the function of synaptic transmission
to transfer information (electric activity) from cells
what is synaptic transmission
information flowing from one neuron across a synapse
how many elements does a synapse have and name them
3 elements
1. pre synaptic membrane
2. post synaptic membrane
3. synaptic cleft
what is the endocrine system responsible for
control, regulation, production of hormones
what are hormones responsible for
chemical messengers carried in the blood, regulated body functions
- reproduction
- metabolism energy balance
- growth and development
- body defences
-homeostasis
- water nutrients electrocyte balance
name the 7 hormones
- adrenaline
- cortisol
- insulin
- glucagon
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- follicle stimulating hormone
- thyroxin
where is adrenaline produced and what is it responsible for
adrenal gland
regulates stress fight or flight
where is cortisol and what is it responsible for
adrenal gland and responsible for long term stress regulation
where is insulin produced and what is it responsible for
pancreas
reduce blood glucose levels
where is glucagon produced and what is it responsible for
pancreas
increase blood glucose levels
where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced and what is it responsible for
pituitary gland
throid releases thyroxine
where is follicle stimulating hormone produced and what is it responsible for
pituitary gland
maturation of egg follicles in ovaries
where is thyroxin produced and what is it responsible for
thyroid
regulates and sustains metabolism
what is the hypothalamus responsible for in the endocrine system
maintaining homeostasis
releases lots of different hormones
targets another gland (pituitary)
what is the pituitary gland responsible for in the endocrine system
master gland
secretes hormones and regulates other glands to make hormones
what is the thyroid gland responsible for in the endocrine system
buttery fly shaped
produced thyroxin and regulates metabolism (rate chemical reactions happen)
affect weight and growth
over active- extreme weight loss
under active - hard to lose weight
what is the adrenal gland responsible for in the endocrine system
2 on top of each kidney
body response to stress produces adrenaline for fight or flight
heart rate, bp increases, digestion is suppressed
cortisol levels keeps us having controlled blood pressure, regulates immune system and lets us be active in the day
what are the ovaries and testes responsible for in endocrine system
source of sex hormones
testosterone- male growth of facial hair, sperm
women- oestrogen and progesterone levels, eggs, pregnancy and menstruation, breast growth
what is the pancreas responsible for in the endocrine system
contains islet cells
produces insulin and glucagon
regulates glucose levels
islet cells detect high or low glucose levels
secrete glucagon or insulin
what is the caryx role in the kidney
chambers where urine passes
what is the medulla role in the kidney
inner region, contains millions of nephrons
what is the cortex responsible for in the kidney
outer layer
what is the ureter responsible for in the kidney
tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
what is the bladder responsible for in the kidney
storing urine
what is the uretha responsible for in the kidney
urine passes out
what is the renal vein responsible for in the kidney
carries blood filtered by the kidney
what is the renal artery responsible for in the kidney
blood supply
what are the two functions carried out by nephrons in the kidney
- removal of urea (waste) and control salt levels and excretion
- maintenance and balance of water levels (osmoregulation) control water concentration of blood plasma
what is ultrafiltration in the kidney
metabolic wastes separated from blood and urine is formed, occurs in glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule) in the nephron
blood entering glomerulus at high pressure
what happens after filtration in the kidney
kidneys reabsorb molecules which are needed, glucose, mineral ions into the proximal and distal tubules
what does the hypothalamus do for kidney osmoregulation
detects, sends signals to pituitary glands to release ADH
briefly describe the four steps of kidney function osmoregulation
- water level too low- hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland to release ADH hormone
- nephrons have receptors which detect ADH, detect and add more salt to blood creating salt gradient
- when filtrate passing through loop of henle, more water drawn out of filtrare to balance salt gradient
- hypothalamus detects when water is back to normal and stops pituitary gland to stop releasing ADH
what are the three functions of the liver
- deamination
- detoxification
- produces bile
what is deamination (function of the liver)
occurs in liver during protein metabolism (breakdown)
result in production of ammonia (toxic waste)
what is detoxificaiton (function of liver)
converts ammonia into urea, less toxic
urea transported in blood, removed by kidney as urine
breaks down alcohol removing it from blood
breaks down drugs paracetamol
what is homeostasis
maintenance of constant internal environment
conditions in the blody controlled so it can function effectively
controlled by hormones and nervous system
what does homeostasis control (4 steps)
- concentration of c02 in blood
- body temp 37*c
- blood sugar levels - glucose
- water content
what does producing bile do (function of the liver)
result of breakdown of red blood cells
stored in gallbladder for digestive system
emulsifies fats in digestive system process
what are the 5 steps for how homeostasis is controlled
- conditions in body change from set point
- change detected
- corrective mechanisms activated
- conditions returned to set point
- corrective mechanisms
(stimulis, sensor, control, effector)
explain the 5 steps of homeostasis occurring with glucose levels
- glucose concentration increase above norms after meal
- too much glucose in blood activated, negative feedback from pancreas
- pancreas secretes more insulin, pancreas is effector
- liver and muscles convert excess glucose to glucagon and stores it
- glucose levels turns back to normal
what are the 5 malfunctions in the control and regulatory systems
stroke
multiple sclerosis
diabetes
nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis
what are the symptoms of a stroke
drooped side of face
unable to lift arms
slurred speech
coordination problems
risk factors of stroke
high bp
heart disease
diabetes
smoking
oral birth control
high red blood cell count
biological causes of strokes
ischaemic - blood supply stopped, due to blood clot 85% of cases
haemorrhagic stroke - weakened blood vessels supplying brain in bursts
what are the two types of stroke
- ischaemic stroke
- haemorrhage stroke
methods of monitoring strokes
blood pressure
pulse rate
temperature
breathing
heart rhythm
screening methods
mri magnetic resonance imaging
ct scans x rays
cr or mr angiogram
carotrid ultrasound
ischaemic stroke treatments
- combination of medicines
- thrombolysis clot buster injections (most effective 4.5 hours)
- thrombectomy (procedure remove blood clots, most effective when soon as possible)
- blood pressure medicine
- cartia endarerectomy surgery to block artery
- aspirin and antiplatelets (reduces chance of blood clots)
- antiagulants (reduce future blood clots risk)
- statins- reduce cholesterol levels
treatments for haemorrhagic stroke
- surgery to remove blood from the brain2
- surgery for hydrocephalus
- supportive treatments feeding tube
lifestyle changes for stroke
eat healthy, excercise
avoid smoking
avoid drinking
PIES
symptoms of multiple sclerosis
fatigue
vision problems
numbness tingling
muscle spasms
mobility problems
pain
lack of coordination
blurry vision
cognitive problems
mood disturbances
slurred speech
causes of multiple sclerosis
immune system attacking brain and nerves
unknwon - predicted for immune system
immune system destroys fatty substances
risk factors for multiple sclerosis
age
being a eoman
family history
race - white
certain infections
vitamin d low levels
obsesity
smoking
auto immune system
life style changes for multiple sclerosis
diet
good sleep
stop smoking
vitamin d tablets
reduce alcohol
exercise
reduce stress
avoid too much heat
methods for monitoring multiple sclerosis
- mri scans
blood tests
spinal tap
evoked potential tests
treatment for multiple sclerosis
injectable treatments
- interferon beta medications
- glatirameracetate
- monoclonal antibodies
oral treatment
- teriflunomide
-dimethyl fumarate
- diroximel fumarate
corrisol steroids
plasma exchange
symptoms of diabetes
frquent urination
very thirsty
lose weight
very hungry
blurred vision
numb hands
tiredness
dry skin
physiological causes
type 2- cellsin muscle, fat and liver becomes resistant to insulin, pancreas can’t create enough insulin
type 1- autoimmune reaction (body attacks itself by mistake) genetics, exposure to virus, environmental factors
describe type 2 diabetes
type 2- cellsin muscle, fat and liver becomes resistant to insulin, pancreas can’t create enough insulin
describe type 1 diabetes
type 1- autoimmune reaction (body attacks itself by mistake) genetics, exposure to virus, environmental factors
risk factors of diabetes
have pre diabetes
are overweight
45+ years
genetics
physically active less than 3x a week
gestational diabetes
premature birth baby - given birth to one
monitoring diabetes
blood glucose monitoring - finger sticks to get sample of blood at current moment of time BGM
continuous glucose monitoring CGM flash glucose monitor, electronic sugar monitor (most popular dont need to prick fingers)
type 2 blood test Hba1c
treatments for diabetes
insulin pumps
islet cell transplant
tablets and medication
weight loss surgery
diet and exercise
insulin injection
lifestyle changes for diabetes
eat healthy
exercise
get checkups
manage stress
pies
stop smoking
symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
swelling of body tissues - oedema
higher levels of urine passing
greater chance of infections due to protein loss and antibodies
blood clots, loss of proteins and they prevent clots
biological explanation for nephrotic syndrome
kidneys dont work properly cause proteins to leak into urine
(protein urea)
increase in ermeability of filtering memvrane of kidney (glomerus) due to kidney disease
leads to low protein levels (hyperalbuminemia) which causes water to be drawn into soft tissues resulting in ordema
cause of nephrotic syndrome
result of kidney damage or another condition, diabetes, hiv, sickle cell
result of cancer - luekemia
congeal nephrotic syndrome is usually by family inherited faulty gene
what organ does nephrotic syndrome effect
kidney
treatment for nephrotic syndrome
- steroids
- blood test and biopsy
- diuretic tablets (increase urine)
- reduce salt in diet, reduce water retention
- vaccinations against infections
- daily monitoring of urine with dipstick for relapses
- surgery to remove kidneys, or kidney transplant
what organ does cirrhosis effect
liver
symptoms of cirrhosis
nausea
weight loss
blood vomiting
loss of appetite
jaundice
leg/ ankle/ abdomen swelling
itchy skin
insomnia
memory problems
biological explanation for cirrhosis (3)
- alcohol related - scarring of liver by long term liver damage, scar replace healthy tissue, prevents liver from working properly
- haemochromatosis- faulty gene, allow body to absorb excess ion amounts, iron builds up and deposits into liver
- non alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fat in liver cells, liver is inflamed, lead to scarring on tissue will eventually lead to liver failure
general explanation of cirrhosis
scarring of fibrosis in liver (scar tissue)
leads to long term damage
prevents liver from functioning
cause of cirrhosis
alcohol misuse
long term infections with hepatitis
obesity (cause of non fatty liver disease)
treatment for cirrhosis
lifestyle changes, stop drinking alcohol as damages liver cells
eat healthy, exercise aim for healthy weight
transplant if in risk of liver failure
what is the difference in assimilation and adsorption
adsorption is the extraction of the nutrients from food from the digestive system whereas assimilation is moving it to where it is needed
