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HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > lo5 control and regulatory systems > Flashcards

lo5 control and regulatory systems Flashcards

up to malfunctions

1
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for

A

receives, transmits and responds to information from the external environment and the body’s internal environment

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system responsible for

A
  • control centre of the body
    -brain and spinal cord connected
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3
Q

what is the spinal cord responsible for

A

-protected by specialised bones called vertebrae
- bones have hollow centre
- transfers nerves to and from brain

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4
Q

what is autonomic nervous system for

A
  • controls and regulates processes such as heart rate, involuntary (peristalsis)
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5
Q

sensory and motor neurons (somatic)

A
  • sensory neurons transmit information from the senses to the brain (earsm eyes)
  • motor neurons transmit information from the muscles to the brain
  • sensory and motor nerve pathways work together (ie pick up a pen)
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside CNS, makes up PNS
relays information from brain to spinal cord
reverses information from body to brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what are the two components of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

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8
Q

what are the two components if the somatic nervous system

A

sensory nervous system and motor nervous system

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9
Q

what is the cerebal cortex

A

wrinkly outerlayer
thinking and processing
4 lobes and each is responsibke for processing information

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10
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

back of the skull, coordinates and regulated muscle activity
gross and fine motor skills ie walking
controls muscles to maintain balance

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11
Q

what is the frontal lobe

A

higher mental processes, decision making, problem solving, planning

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12
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

connects the two hemispheres for communication, bridge of nerve tissue

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13
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

maintenance of body temperatures and regulates appetite and thirst

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14
Q

what is the medulla

A

carries out and regulates life functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate)

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15
Q

what is the meninges

A

three outermost layers of membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord, provides barrier from the rest of the body, protection from infection

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16
Q

what are the dendrons (dendrites)

A

shorter branched, receive electrical impulses, conducted away, can be 1000 of them

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17
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

fatty white substance which is a protective insulin layer, quick electrical impulses

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18
Q

what is a neuron

A

transmits electrical impulses (information) from one part of the body to another

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19
Q

name the 4 steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. electrical impulse travels along the axon
  2. triggers nerve ending neuron to release neurotransmitters
  3. chemicals diffuse acorss synapse (transmit signals)
  4. bind with receptor molecules on membrane of the next neuron
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20
Q

what is the function of synaptic transmission

A

to transfer information (electric activity) from cells

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21
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

information flowing from one neuron across a synapse

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22
Q

how many elements does a synapse have and name them

A

3 elements
1. pre synaptic membrane
2. post synaptic membrane
3. synaptic cleft

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23
Q

what is the endocrine system responsible for

A

control, regulation, production of hormones

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24
Q

what are hormones responsible for

A

chemical messengers carried in the blood, regulated body functions
- reproduction
- metabolism energy balance
- growth and development
- body defences
-homeostasis
- water nutrients electrocyte balance

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25
Q

name the 7 hormones

A
  1. adrenaline
  2. cortisol
  3. insulin
  4. glucagon
  5. thyroid stimulating hormone
  6. follicle stimulating hormone
  7. thyroxin
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26
Q

where is adrenaline produced and what is it responsible for

A

adrenal gland
regulates stress fight or flight

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27
Q

where is cortisol and what is it responsible for

A

adrenal gland and responsible for long term stress regulation

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28
Q

where is insulin produced and what is it responsible for

A

pancreas
reduce blood glucose levels

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29
Q

where is glucagon produced and what is it responsible for

A

pancreas
increase blood glucose levels

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30
Q

where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced and what is it responsible for

A

pituitary gland
throid releases thyroxine

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31
Q

where is follicle stimulating hormone produced and what is it responsible for

A

pituitary gland
maturation of egg follicles in ovaries

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32
Q

where is thyroxin produced and what is it responsible for

A

thyroid
regulates and sustains metabolism

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33
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for in the endocrine system

A

maintaining homeostasis
releases lots of different hormones
targets another gland (pituitary)

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34
Q

what is the pituitary gland responsible for in the endocrine system

A

master gland
secretes hormones and regulates other glands to make hormones

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35
Q

what is the thyroid gland responsible for in the endocrine system

A

buttery fly shaped
produced thyroxin and regulates metabolism (rate chemical reactions happen)
affect weight and growth

over active- extreme weight loss
under active - hard to lose weight

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36
Q

what is the adrenal gland responsible for in the endocrine system

A

2 on top of each kidney

body response to stress produces adrenaline for fight or flight
heart rate, bp increases, digestion is suppressed

cortisol levels keeps us having controlled blood pressure, regulates immune system and lets us be active in the day

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37
Q

what are the ovaries and testes responsible for in endocrine system

A

source of sex hormones
testosterone- male growth of facial hair, sperm

women- oestrogen and progesterone levels, eggs, pregnancy and menstruation, breast growth

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38
Q

what is the pancreas responsible for in the endocrine system

A

contains islet cells
produces insulin and glucagon
regulates glucose levels
islet cells detect high or low glucose levels

secrete glucagon or insulin

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39
Q

what is the caryx role in the kidney

A

chambers where urine passes

40
Q

what is the medulla role in the kidney

A

inner region, contains millions of nephrons

41
Q

what is the cortex responsible for in the kidney

A

outer layer

42
Q

what is the ureter responsible for in the kidney

A

tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder

43
Q

what is the bladder responsible for in the kidney

A

storing urine

44
Q

what is the uretha responsible for in the kidney

A

urine passes out

45
Q

what is the renal vein responsible for in the kidney

A

carries blood filtered by the kidney

46
Q

what is the renal artery responsible for in the kidney

A

blood supply

47
Q

what are the two functions carried out by nephrons in the kidney

A
  1. removal of urea (waste) and control salt levels and excretion
  2. maintenance and balance of water levels (osmoregulation) control water concentration of blood plasma
48
Q

what is ultrafiltration in the kidney

A

metabolic wastes separated from blood and urine is formed, occurs in glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule) in the nephron

blood entering glomerulus at high pressure

49
Q

what happens after filtration in the kidney

A

kidneys reabsorb molecules which are needed, glucose, mineral ions into the proximal and distal tubules

50
Q

what does the hypothalamus do for kidney osmoregulation

A

detects, sends signals to pituitary glands to release ADH

51
Q

briefly describe the four steps of kidney function osmoregulation

A
  1. water level too low- hypothalamus sends signal to pituitary gland to release ADH hormone
  2. nephrons have receptors which detect ADH, detect and add more salt to blood creating salt gradient
  3. when filtrate passing through loop of henle, more water drawn out of filtrare to balance salt gradient
  4. hypothalamus detects when water is back to normal and stops pituitary gland to stop releasing ADH
52
Q

what are the three functions of the liver

A
  1. deamination
  2. detoxification
  3. produces bile
53
Q

what is deamination (function of the liver)

A

occurs in liver during protein metabolism (breakdown)
result in production of ammonia (toxic waste)

54
Q

what is detoxificaiton (function of liver)

A

converts ammonia into urea, less toxic
urea transported in blood, removed by kidney as urine
breaks down alcohol removing it from blood
breaks down drugs paracetamol

55
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal environment
conditions in the blody controlled so it can function effectively
controlled by hormones and nervous system

56
Q

what does homeostasis control (4 steps)

A
  1. concentration of c02 in blood
  2. body temp 37*c
  3. blood sugar levels - glucose
  4. water content
57
Q

what does producing bile do (function of the liver)

A

result of breakdown of red blood cells
stored in gallbladder for digestive system
emulsifies fats in digestive system process

58
Q

what are the 5 steps for how homeostasis is controlled

A
  1. conditions in body change from set point
  2. change detected
  3. corrective mechanisms activated
  4. conditions returned to set point
  5. corrective mechanisms

(stimulis, sensor, control, effector)

59
Q

explain the 5 steps of homeostasis occurring with glucose levels

A
  1. glucose concentration increase above norms after meal
  2. too much glucose in blood activated, negative feedback from pancreas
  3. pancreas secretes more insulin, pancreas is effector
  4. liver and muscles convert excess glucose to glucagon and stores it
  5. glucose levels turns back to normal
60
Q

what are the 5 malfunctions in the control and regulatory systems

A

stroke
multiple sclerosis
diabetes
nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis

61
Q

what are the symptoms of a stroke

A

drooped side of face
unable to lift arms
slurred speech
coordination problems

62
Q

risk factors of stroke

A

high bp
heart disease
diabetes
smoking
oral birth control
high red blood cell count

63
Q

biological causes of strokes

A

ischaemic - blood supply stopped, due to blood clot 85% of cases

haemorrhagic stroke - weakened blood vessels supplying brain in bursts

64
Q

what are the two types of stroke

A
  1. ischaemic stroke
  2. haemorrhage stroke
65
Q

methods of monitoring strokes

A

blood pressure
pulse rate
temperature
breathing
heart rhythm

screening methods
mri magnetic resonance imaging
ct scans x rays
cr or mr angiogram
carotrid ultrasound

66
Q

ischaemic stroke treatments

A
  1. combination of medicines
  2. thrombolysis clot buster injections (most effective 4.5 hours)
  3. thrombectomy (procedure remove blood clots, most effective when soon as possible)
  4. blood pressure medicine
  5. cartia endarerectomy surgery to block artery
  6. aspirin and antiplatelets (reduces chance of blood clots)
  7. antiagulants (reduce future blood clots risk)
  8. statins- reduce cholesterol levels
67
Q

treatments for haemorrhagic stroke

A
  1. surgery to remove blood from the brain2
  2. surgery for hydrocephalus
  3. supportive treatments feeding tube
68
Q

lifestyle changes for stroke

A

eat healthy, excercise
avoid smoking
avoid drinking
PIES

69
Q

symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

fatigue
vision problems
numbness tingling
muscle spasms
mobility problems
pain
lack of coordination
blurry vision
cognitive problems
mood disturbances
slurred speech

70
Q

causes of multiple sclerosis

A

immune system attacking brain and nerves
unknwon - predicted for immune system
immune system destroys fatty substances

71
Q

risk factors for multiple sclerosis

A

age
being a eoman
family history
race - white
certain infections
vitamin d low levels
obsesity
smoking
auto immune system

72
Q

life style changes for multiple sclerosis

A

diet
good sleep
stop smoking
vitamin d tablets
reduce alcohol
exercise
reduce stress
avoid too much heat

73
Q

methods for monitoring multiple sclerosis

A
  1. mri scans
    blood tests
    spinal tap
    evoked potential tests
74
Q

treatment for multiple sclerosis

A

injectable treatments
- interferon beta medications
- glatirameracetate
- monoclonal antibodies

oral treatment
- teriflunomide
-dimethyl fumarate
- diroximel fumarate

corrisol steroids
plasma exchange

75
Q

symptoms of diabetes

A

frquent urination
very thirsty
lose weight
very hungry
blurred vision
numb hands
tiredness
dry skin

76
Q

physiological causes

A

type 2- cellsin muscle, fat and liver becomes resistant to insulin, pancreas can’t create enough insulin

type 1- autoimmune reaction (body attacks itself by mistake) genetics, exposure to virus, environmental factors

77
Q

describe type 2 diabetes

A

type 2- cellsin muscle, fat and liver becomes resistant to insulin, pancreas can’t create enough insulin

78
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

type 1- autoimmune reaction (body attacks itself by mistake) genetics, exposure to virus, environmental factors

79
Q

risk factors of diabetes

A

have pre diabetes
are overweight
45+ years
genetics
physically active less than 3x a week
gestational diabetes
premature birth baby - given birth to one

80
Q

monitoring diabetes

A

blood glucose monitoring - finger sticks to get sample of blood at current moment of time BGM

continuous glucose monitoring CGM flash glucose monitor, electronic sugar monitor (most popular dont need to prick fingers)

type 2 blood test Hba1c

81
Q

treatments for diabetes

A

insulin pumps
islet cell transplant
tablets and medication
weight loss surgery
diet and exercise
insulin injection

82
Q

lifestyle changes for diabetes

A

eat healthy
exercise
get checkups
manage stress
pies
stop smoking

83
Q

symptoms of nephrotic syndrome

A

swelling of body tissues - oedema
higher levels of urine passing
greater chance of infections due to protein loss and antibodies
blood clots, loss of proteins and they prevent clots

84
Q

biological explanation for nephrotic syndrome

A

kidneys dont work properly cause proteins to leak into urine
(protein urea)
increase in ermeability of filtering memvrane of kidney (glomerus) due to kidney disease
leads to low protein levels (hyperalbuminemia) which causes water to be drawn into soft tissues resulting in ordema

85
Q

cause of nephrotic syndrome

A

result of kidney damage or another condition, diabetes, hiv, sickle cell
result of cancer - luekemia
congeal nephrotic syndrome is usually by family inherited faulty gene

86
Q

what organ does nephrotic syndrome effect

A

kidney

87
Q

treatment for nephrotic syndrome

A
  1. steroids
  2. blood test and biopsy
  3. diuretic tablets (increase urine)
  4. reduce salt in diet, reduce water retention
  5. vaccinations against infections
  6. daily monitoring of urine with dipstick for relapses
  7. surgery to remove kidneys, or kidney transplant
88
Q

what organ does cirrhosis effect

A

liver

89
Q

symptoms of cirrhosis

A

nausea
weight loss
blood vomiting
loss of appetite
jaundice
leg/ ankle/ abdomen swelling
itchy skin
insomnia
memory problems

90
Q

biological explanation for cirrhosis (3)

A
  1. alcohol related - scarring of liver by long term liver damage, scar replace healthy tissue, prevents liver from working properly
  2. haemochromatosis- faulty gene, allow body to absorb excess ion amounts, iron builds up and deposits into liver
  3. non alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fat in liver cells, liver is inflamed, lead to scarring on tissue will eventually lead to liver failure
91
Q

general explanation of cirrhosis

A

scarring of fibrosis in liver (scar tissue)
leads to long term damage
prevents liver from functioning

92
Q

cause of cirrhosis

A

alcohol misuse
long term infections with hepatitis
obesity (cause of non fatty liver disease)

93
Q

treatment for cirrhosis

A

lifestyle changes, stop drinking alcohol as damages liver cells
eat healthy, exercise aim for healthy weight
transplant if in risk of liver failure

94
Q

what is the difference in assimilation and adsorption

A

adsorption is the extraction of the nutrients from food from the digestive system whereas assimilation is moving it to where it is needed

95
Q
A

HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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