Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > lo2 the respiratory system > Flashcards

lo2 the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the role of pleural membranes

A

two layers of thin membranes
moist and slippery thin liquid surrounding
lubricates so layers can slide over each other
allow lungs to move easily into chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A

during inspiration
intercostal muscles pull ribcage up and out (diaphragm flatters) results in increased volume ad decrease in pressure and forces air into lungs so they can inflate

during expiration
diaphragm lifts back into dome shape and intercostal muscles pulls ribcage inwards and downwards, forced c02 out of lungs and deflates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the larynx responsible for

A

connecting the back of the nose and the traches forming an air passage to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the trachea

A

wind pipe which starts at pharynx and divides into 2 bronchi which further divides into bronchioles

trachea and bronchi have tubes of rings of cartilage to stop collapsing so passage for air is maintained “C” shaped to let food go down oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is pleural membrane

A

covers outside of lungs and inside of chest walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are intercostal muscles found

A

between ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are alveoli’s

A

found at the end of each bronchioles
clusters of sacs (each called alveolus) each surrounded by capillary network
where 02 and c02 are exchanged throughout the alveolar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

muscles anchored to lower ribs and separates the chest and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are membranes

A

either tiny sheet of body tissue, or layer of cells which acts as a barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is cartilage

A

strong stretchy connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is emphysema also known as

A

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

symptoms of emphysema (copd)

A

shortness of breath, wheezing
yellow sputrum
cough
chest infection
worsen of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

biological explanation of emphysema copd

A

airways in lungs narrow and become inflamed
airsacs (alveoli) damaged and breathing out becomes harder
causes lung damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cause of emphysema copd

A

lifestyle factors smoking
fumes, dusts, chemical exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lifestyle impacts of emphysema copd

A

regular check ups, stop smoking, move with oxygen cylinder eg, harder to get around, social emotional effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

treatment for emphysema copd

A
  1. medication, anti inflammatory medication to reduce swelling and inflammation
  2. oxygen therapy
    - pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise and education)
    -ambulatory oxygen therapy (when walking)
    -long term oxygen therapy at home, portable oxygen tank, mask or nasal cubes 16 hours a day
  3. physiotherapy
    restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do we monitor and detect emphysema copd

A

mri and ct scans

high resolution ct scan most effective for monitoring changes in chest for emphysema

18
Q

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

-lung problems, chest infection, inflammation of airways, coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath
- digestive system, diarrhoea, diabetes, malnutrition
- serious bowel obstruction when born, requires surgery to remove blockage

19
Q

what is the biological explanation of cystic fibrosis

A
  • present at birth, faulty gene in chromosome 7 which controls movement of salt and water in and out of cells, protein produced by gene causes mucus secreting cells to make it sticky not runny

recurrent infections cause mucus to be sticky in lungs and digestive system, builds up

reduced life expectancy ie 30 years, no cure and lungs become more damaged and stop working

20
Q

cause of cystic fibrosis

A

both parents have faulty gene

21
Q

treatment for cystic fibrosis

A
  1. medication anti inflammatory reduce swelling
  2. physiotherapy
    restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress
22
Q

lifestyle effects of cystic fibrosis

A

regular check ups, breathlessness, not being able to do all activities, may need 1 story house, social impacts, emotional impacts, assistance in breathing

23
Q

asthma symptoms

A

recurring breathlessness, tightness of chest
asthma attacks
episodes of wheezing

24
Q

biological explanation of asthma

A

inflammation of bronchi which carries air in and out of lungs

contact with allergens, irritation
airways narrow due to environmental triggers smoke dust
muscles tighten around airway and phlegm increases

25
Q

treatment of asthma

A

lifestyle
give up smoking
avoid extreme exercise
recognise and avoid triggers
avoid pollution/ chest infection, colds flu, covid
move to one storey house to avoid stairs

medical two types of inhalers
1. preventative (purple/brown) daily
2. reliever (during attack) blue

26
Q

causes of asthma

A
  1. genetic (families)
  2. exposure to smoke as childm dust, air pollutio, exposure to smoke in womb, premature birth
  3. modern hygiene standards ‘too hygienic’ doesn’t build up resistance
27
Q

monitoring of asthma

A
  1. wellbeing checks, questions
  2. peak flow, cardboard tube, measuring exhalation for lung capacity
  3. spirometry, measures breathing capacity & volume of air (breathed out) clip placed on nose and blow into mouthpiece, best out of 3 test 30-90 mins
28
Q

where does cellular respiration take place

A

mitochondria

29
Q

why does cellular respiration take place

A

to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into atp and release waste products

30
Q

what are the two types of respiration which takes place

A

aerobic - oxygen
anaerobic- no oxygen

31
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, organelles which act like a digestive system and take in nutrients, break them down create energy rich molecules for the cell

32
Q

what is ATP and wha does it stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate
high energy molecule which stores and supplies cell with energy in every individual cell

33
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

oxygen and glucose required f
produced c02 and water and provides energy

glucose+ oxygen —— c02 + water

34
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

takes place if oxygen isn’t available and provides less energy

glucose —— pyruvate ——lactate

35
Q

what is glycosis

A

process which takes place in cell cytoplasm which breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with production of 2 ATP

36
Q

what is pyruvate

A

molecule involved in energy generation, can be converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions or broken down to water and co2 in presence of oxygen producing large amounts of ATP

37
Q

what does pyruvic acid do

A

provides energy to cells through citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic) when oxygen is lacking and ferments it to lactic acid

lactic acid needs to later be oxidised to co2 and water to prevent it building up, if not cells will die because lactate is toxic

38
Q

what is the function of the Krebs cycle

A

process allows organic molecules to be broken down in series of stages to release chemical potential energy, used to synthesise ATP

39
Q

what does gaseous exchange involve

A

exchange of oxygen and c02 between capillaries and alveoli

40
Q

what is the structure of alveoli

A
  • walls are very thin (one cell) each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries through gases what are exchanged
  • bunch of grapes, increase surface area for cross over or diffusion of two gases back and forth

-diffusion allows oxygen to move out of alveoli into capillaries and bloodstream, co2 to move out of capillaries into alveoli and lungs to be exhaled

40
Q

what are the diffusion gradients in gaseous exchange

A

refers to movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

capillaries have lower concentration of oxygen than alveoli
results in diffusion of oxygen, from high concentration (alveoli) to low concentration in red blood cells (capillaries)

41
Q

name the 6 steps of the respiratory process

A
  1. inspiration breathing in
  2. exchange of gases from lungs to blood
  3. transport of o2 and c02 in the blood
  4. exchange of gases from blood to tissues
  5. metabolism
  6. expiration

HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions