lo2 the respiratory system Flashcards
what are the role of pleural membranes
two layers of thin membranes
moist and slippery thin liquid surrounding
lubricates so layers can slide over each other
allow lungs to move easily into chest cavity
what is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
during inspiration
intercostal muscles pull ribcage up and out (diaphragm flatters) results in increased volume ad decrease in pressure and forces air into lungs so they can inflate
during expiration
diaphragm lifts back into dome shape and intercostal muscles pulls ribcage inwards and downwards, forced c02 out of lungs and deflates
what is the larynx responsible for
connecting the back of the nose and the traches forming an air passage to the lungs
what is the trachea
wind pipe which starts at pharynx and divides into 2 bronchi which further divides into bronchioles
trachea and bronchi have tubes of rings of cartilage to stop collapsing so passage for air is maintained “C” shaped to let food go down oesophagus
what is pleural membrane
covers outside of lungs and inside of chest walls
where are intercostal muscles found
between ribs
what are alveoli’s
found at the end of each bronchioles
clusters of sacs (each called alveolus) each surrounded by capillary network
where 02 and c02 are exchanged throughout the alveolar membrane
what is the diaphragm
muscles anchored to lower ribs and separates the chest and abdomen
what are membranes
either tiny sheet of body tissue, or layer of cells which acts as a barrier
what is cartilage
strong stretchy connective tissues
what is emphysema also known as
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
symptoms of emphysema (copd)
shortness of breath, wheezing
yellow sputrum
cough
chest infection
worsen of symptoms
biological explanation of emphysema copd
airways in lungs narrow and become inflamed
airsacs (alveoli) damaged and breathing out becomes harder
causes lung damage
cause of emphysema copd
lifestyle factors smoking
fumes, dusts, chemical exposure
lifestyle impacts of emphysema copd
regular check ups, stop smoking, move with oxygen cylinder eg, harder to get around, social emotional effects
treatment for emphysema copd
- medication, anti inflammatory medication to reduce swelling and inflammation
- oxygen therapy
- pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise and education)
-ambulatory oxygen therapy (when walking)
-long term oxygen therapy at home, portable oxygen tank, mask or nasal cubes 16 hours a day - physiotherapy
restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress
how do we monitor and detect emphysema copd
mri and ct scans
high resolution ct scan most effective for monitoring changes in chest for emphysema
symptoms of cystic fibrosis
-lung problems, chest infection, inflammation of airways, coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath
- digestive system, diarrhoea, diabetes, malnutrition
- serious bowel obstruction when born, requires surgery to remove blockage
what is the biological explanation of cystic fibrosis
- present at birth, faulty gene in chromosome 7 which controls movement of salt and water in and out of cells, protein produced by gene causes mucus secreting cells to make it sticky not runny
recurrent infections cause mucus to be sticky in lungs and digestive system, builds up
reduced life expectancy ie 30 years, no cure and lungs become more damaged and stop working
cause of cystic fibrosis
both parents have faulty gene
treatment for cystic fibrosis
- medication anti inflammatory reduce swelling
- physiotherapy
restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress
lifestyle effects of cystic fibrosis
regular check ups, breathlessness, not being able to do all activities, may need 1 story house, social impacts, emotional impacts, assistance in breathing
asthma symptoms
recurring breathlessness, tightness of chest
asthma attacks
episodes of wheezing
biological explanation of asthma
inflammation of bronchi which carries air in and out of lungs
contact with allergens, irritation
airways narrow due to environmental triggers smoke dust
muscles tighten around airway and phlegm increases
treatment of asthma
lifestyle
give up smoking
avoid extreme exercise
recognise and avoid triggers
avoid pollution/ chest infection, colds flu, covid
move to one storey house to avoid stairs
medical two types of inhalers
1. preventative (purple/brown) daily
2. reliever (during attack) blue
causes of asthma
- genetic (families)
- exposure to smoke as childm dust, air pollutio, exposure to smoke in womb, premature birth
- modern hygiene standards ‘too hygienic’ doesn’t build up resistance
monitoring of asthma
- wellbeing checks, questions
- peak flow, cardboard tube, measuring exhalation for lung capacity
- spirometry, measures breathing capacity & volume of air (breathed out) clip placed on nose and blow into mouthpiece, best out of 3 test 30-90 mins
where does cellular respiration take place
mitochondria
why does cellular respiration take place
to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into atp and release waste products
what are the two types of respiration which takes place
aerobic - oxygen
anaerobic- no oxygen
what is the mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell, organelles which act like a digestive system and take in nutrients, break them down create energy rich molecules for the cell
what is ATP and wha does it stand for
adenosine triphosphate
high energy molecule which stores and supplies cell with energy in every individual cell
what is aerobic respiration
oxygen and glucose required f
produced c02 and water and provides energy
glucose+ oxygen —— c02 + water
what is anaerobic respiration
takes place if oxygen isn’t available and provides less energy
glucose —— pyruvate ——lactate
what is glycosis
process which takes place in cell cytoplasm which breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with production of 2 ATP
what is pyruvate
molecule involved in energy generation, can be converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions or broken down to water and co2 in presence of oxygen producing large amounts of ATP
what does pyruvic acid do
provides energy to cells through citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic) when oxygen is lacking and ferments it to lactic acid
lactic acid needs to later be oxidised to co2 and water to prevent it building up, if not cells will die because lactate is toxic
what is the function of the Krebs cycle
process allows organic molecules to be broken down in series of stages to release chemical potential energy, used to synthesise ATP
what does gaseous exchange involve
exchange of oxygen and c02 between capillaries and alveoli
what is the structure of alveoli
- walls are very thin (one cell) each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries through gases what are exchanged
- bunch of grapes, increase surface area for cross over or diffusion of two gases back and forth
-diffusion allows oxygen to move out of alveoli into capillaries and bloodstream, co2 to move out of capillaries into alveoli and lungs to be exhaled
what are the diffusion gradients in gaseous exchange
refers to movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
capillaries have lower concentration of oxygen than alveoli
results in diffusion of oxygen, from high concentration (alveoli) to low concentration in red blood cells (capillaries)
name the 6 steps of the respiratory process
- inspiration breathing in
- exchange of gases from lungs to blood
- transport of o2 and c02 in the blood
- exchange of gases from blood to tissues
- metabolism
- expiration
