lo2 the respiratory system

Question 1

what are the role of pleural membranes

Answer 1

two layers of thin membranes
moist and slippery thin liquid surrounding
lubricates so layers can slide over each other
allow lungs to move easily into chest cavity

Question 2

what is the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Answer 2

during inspiration
intercostal muscles pull ribcage up and out (diaphragm flatters) results in increased volume ad decrease in pressure and forces air into lungs so they can inflate

during expiration
diaphragm lifts back into dome shape and intercostal muscles pulls ribcage inwards and downwards, forced c02 out of lungs and deflates

Question 3

what is the larynx responsible for

Answer 3

connecting the back of the nose and the traches forming an air passage to the lungs

Question 4

what is the trachea

Answer 4

wind pipe which starts at pharynx and divides into 2 bronchi which further divides into bronchioles

trachea and bronchi have tubes of rings of cartilage to stop collapsing so passage for air is maintained “C” shaped to let food go down oesophagus

Question 5

what is pleural membrane

Answer 5

covers outside of lungs and inside of chest walls

Question 6

where are intercostal muscles found

Answer 6

between ribs

Question 7

what are alveoli’s

Answer 7

found at the end of each bronchioles
clusters of sacs (each called alveolus) each surrounded by capillary network
where 02 and c02 are exchanged throughout the alveolar membrane

Question 8

what is the diaphragm

Answer 8

muscles anchored to lower ribs and separates the chest and abdomen

Question 9

what are membranes

Answer 9

either tiny sheet of body tissue, or layer of cells which acts as a barrier

Question 10

what is cartilage

Answer 10

strong stretchy connective tissues

Question 11

what is emphysema also known as

Answer 11

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 12

symptoms of emphysema (copd)

Answer 12

shortness of breath, wheezing
yellow sputrum
cough
chest infection
worsen of symptoms

Question 13

biological explanation of emphysema copd

Answer 13

airways in lungs narrow and become inflamed
airsacs (alveoli) damaged and breathing out becomes harder
causes lung damage

Question 14

cause of emphysema copd

Answer 14

lifestyle factors smoking
fumes, dusts, chemical exposure

Question 15

lifestyle impacts of emphysema copd

Answer 15

regular check ups, stop smoking, move with oxygen cylinder eg, harder to get around, social emotional effects

Question 16

treatment for emphysema copd

Answer 16

1. medication, anti inflammatory medication to reduce swelling and inflammation
2. oxygen therapy
   - pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise and education)
   -ambulatory oxygen therapy (when walking)
   -long term oxygen therapy at home, portable oxygen tank, mask or nasal cubes 16 hours a day
3. physiotherapy
   restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress

Question 17

how do we monitor and detect emphysema copd

Answer 17

mri and ct scans

high resolution ct scan most effective for monitoring changes in chest for emphysema

Question 18

symptoms of cystic fibrosis

Answer 18

-lung problems, chest infection, inflammation of airways, coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath
- digestive system, diarrhoea, diabetes, malnutrition
- serious bowel obstruction when born, requires surgery to remove blockage

Question 19

what is the biological explanation of cystic fibrosis

Answer 19

• present at birth, faulty gene in chromosome 7 which controls movement of salt and water in and out of cells, protein produced by gene causes mucus secreting cells to make it sticky not runny

recurrent infections cause mucus to be sticky in lungs and digestive system, builds up

reduced life expectancy ie 30 years, no cure and lungs become more damaged and stop working

Question 20

cause of cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

both parents have faulty gene

Question 21

treatment for cystic fibrosis

Answer 21

1. medication anti inflammatory reduce swelling
2. physiotherapy
   restore movement/ exercises manipulation and massages around lungs to improve life, sleep quality and reduce stress

Question 22

lifestyle effects of cystic fibrosis

Answer 22

regular check ups, breathlessness, not being able to do all activities, may need 1 story house, social impacts, emotional impacts, assistance in breathing

Question 23

asthma symptoms

Answer 23

recurring breathlessness, tightness of chest
asthma attacks
episodes of wheezing

Question 24

biological explanation of asthma

Answer 24

inflammation of bronchi which carries air in and out of lungs

contact with allergens, irritation
airways narrow due to environmental triggers smoke dust
muscles tighten around airway and phlegm increases

Question 25

treatment of asthma

Answer 25

lifestyle give up smoking avoid extreme exercise recognise and avoid triggers avoid pollution/ chest infection, colds flu, covid move to one storey house to avoid stairs medical two types of inhalers 1. preventative (purple/brown) daily 2. reliever (during attack) blue

Question 26

causes of asthma

Answer 26

1. genetic (families) 2. exposure to smoke as childm dust, air pollutio, exposure to smoke in womb, premature birth 3. modern hygiene standards 'too hygienic' doesn't build up resistance

Question 27

monitoring of asthma

Answer 27

1. wellbeing checks, questions 2. peak flow, cardboard tube, measuring exhalation for lung capacity 3. spirometry, measures breathing capacity & volume of air (breathed out) clip placed on nose and blow into mouthpiece, best out of 3 test 30-90 mins

Question 28

where does cellular respiration take place

Answer 28

mitochondria

Question 29

why does cellular respiration take place

Answer 29

to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into atp and release waste products

Question 30

what are the two types of respiration which takes place

Answer 30

aerobic - oxygen anaerobic- no oxygen

Question 31

what is the mitochondria

Answer 31

powerhouse of the cell, organelles which act like a digestive system and take in nutrients, break them down create energy rich molecules for the cell

Question 32

what is ATP and wha does it stand for

Answer 32

adenosine triphosphate high energy molecule which stores and supplies cell with energy in every individual cell

Question 33

what is aerobic respiration

Answer 33

oxygen and glucose required f produced c02 and water and provides energy glucose+ oxygen ------ c02 + water

Question 34

what is anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

takes place if oxygen isn't available and provides less energy glucose ------ pyruvate ------lactate

Question 35

what is glycosis

Answer 35

process which takes place in cell cytoplasm which breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with production of 2 ATP

Question 36

what is pyruvate

Answer 36

molecule involved in energy generation, can be converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions or broken down to water and co2 in presence of oxygen producing large amounts of ATP

Question 37

what does pyruvic acid do

Answer 37

provides energy to cells through citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic) when oxygen is lacking and ferments it to lactic acid lactic acid needs to later be oxidised to co2 and water to prevent it building up, if not cells will die because lactate is toxic

Question 38

what is the function of the Krebs cycle

Answer 38

process allows organic molecules to be broken down in series of stages to release chemical potential energy, used to synthesise ATP

Question 39

what does gaseous exchange involve

Answer 39

exchange of oxygen and c02 between capillaries and alveoli

Question 40

what is the structure of alveoli

Answer 40

- walls are very thin (one cell) each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries through gases what are exchanged - bunch of grapes, increase surface area for cross over or diffusion of two gases back and forth -diffusion allows oxygen to move out of alveoli into capillaries and bloodstream, co2 to move out of capillaries into alveoli and lungs to be exhaled

Question 40

what are the diffusion gradients in gaseous exchange

Answer 40

refers to movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration capillaries have lower concentration of oxygen than alveoli results in diffusion of oxygen, from high concentration (alveoli) to low concentration in red blood cells (capillaries)

Question 41

name the 6 steps of the respiratory process

Answer 41

1. inspiration breathing in 2. exchange of gases from lungs to blood 3. transport of o2 and c02 in the blood 4. exchange of gases from blood to tissues 5. metabolism 6. expiration