LO4 the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
completed
what is the structure and function of the compact bone
dense hard stong
made of layers of collagen (proetin) called lamellae
provides structure and strength for the skeleton, protects the bone itself
what is the structure and function of the bone marrow
red bone marrow - produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets found at spongy bone
yellow bone marrow made of fats and contains stem cells (replicate and turn into anything) can become fat, cartilage, bone cells
found in medulla cavity (hollow centre) of long bones
what is the structure and function of the spongy bone
porous, less dense
either end of long bone
composed of network of connecting bones and spaces
strenght and flexibility
had red bone marrow and blood vessels
helps with shock adsorption
what is the structure and function of the cartildge
strong, flexile, connective tissue projects joints and bones
converts end of joints and bone thin layer
acts as shock adsorption reduces friction when joints rub together
what is the lacunae
spaces within hard bones that contain living oesteocytes
what are osteocytes
one of the four kinds of bone cells
what is canaliculi
tiny channels containing cyptoplasmic extensions of the oesteocytes
what are the 5 things found in bones
- haversion canal
- lamellae
- lacunae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi
what are the 5 types of joints
- hip, shoulder (ball and socket)
- neck (pivot)
- elbow, knee (pivot)
- wrist, ankle (sliding, gliding)
- cranium, pelvis
what are the 7 components of synovial joints
- muscle
- bone
- ligament
- tendon
- cartilage
- synovial capsule
- synovial fluid
function of the muscle
movement, contracts and relaxes to move the joint
function of the bone
provides framework and support for attachment of muscles and other tissues
function of the ligament
attaches one bone to another
function of the tendon
attaches muscle to bone
function of cartilage
reduces friction and shock absorbs on joints, allowing joint to move smoothly, found on end of bones
function of synovial capsule
secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability
function of synovial fluid
lubricates and nourishes the joint
what is a joint
place where two bones meet and is classified by what binds them
what is hinge joint, where is it located, description
elbow and knee
molded in way to permit motion in one direction, joint in elbow allows arm to open (flexion) and close (extension) but can’t go side to side
what is ball and socket joint, where is it located and description
shoulder and hip
ball shaped surface (type of synovial point) on rounded bone fits into cup like depression of another bone
capable of motion in many axes
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, can’t slide or glide
what is pivot joint, where is it located and description
the neck
end where two bones meet, one end central boy cylinder and other is ring made of bone and ligaments
ring rotates around cylinder
rotation made of pivot joint
what is the sliding, gliding joint, where is it located and description
wrist/ ankle
bony surfaces that the joint holds together/ flat or slightly rounded
allow bones to move parallel in sliding movement
describe the muscle action around a joint
muscles work in pairs, bring out opposite action, they can only pull when they contract, can’t push
antagonistic pairs create movement when one contracts (antagonist) other relaxes
examploes quadriceps and hamstrings, biceps and triceps
when antagonist contracts, tendon pulls on bone
what is osteoporosis
disease characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue
leads to fragility and fractures
symptoms of osteoporosis
- no obvious symptoms until fracture (usually unusual bone) cough or sneeze can cause it (rib fracture) lead to height loss and curvature of spine
biological explanation for osteoporosis
due to loss of protein matrix from bone (becomes brittle)
bones become thinner and weaken
bones become more brittle with age women (oestrogen) declines after menopause (oestrogen promotes bone formation)
cause of osteoporosis
- age - losing bone
- risk factors, family history of fractures, drinking, smoking, eating disorders, long term medications
- other conditions ie chron’s
- women - menopause, hysterectomy, absent periods
- lifestyle factors, diet exercise, determine how healthy bones are
what are the two types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms of osteoarthritis
joints become painful and stiff
most often the knees, hips and small joints
joint tenderness and increased pain of joint not moved in a while
crackling noise or grating sensation of the joint
joints appear more knobbly
biological explanation of osteoarthritis
- general wear and tear is repaired by body, cartilage can be lost
bony growth develops -inflamed - cartilage becomes stiff, loses elasticity and may wear away over time
as cartilage may destroy tendons and ligaments stretch, eventually the bones rub against each other
causes of osteoarthritus
- wear and tear, not normal part of ageing, risk develops as people get older, runs in families
- overweight, obese, puts weight o weight bearing joints
-develop in joint damaged by injury or operation, joint not given enough time to heal after operation
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
throbbing pain and aching, stiff joints can swell, hot and tender to touch
firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules, develop under skin in affected joints
biological explanation of rheumatoid arthritis
immune system mistakenly attacks cells that line joints
synovial membrane that lines and lubricates joint becomes inflamed and sore, inflammation destroys cartilage
scar tissue replaces cartilage and joint becomes mishapen and rigid
causes of rheumatoid arthritis
exact cause not yet known
theory of autoimmune response, body attacks tissues by sending antibodies to joint linings
may be increased (smoking, hormones) women
inherited, risk low and play small role in condition
what are the three treatments for arthritis
- medication
steroids, NSAIDSA, painkillers, corticosteroid injection, supplements - physiotherapy and exercise
joint manipulation, assistance equipment, use of tens - surgery
arthroscopy (clean joint debris) athroplasy ( joint replacement) osteotomy (bone cut and realigned)
treatment for osteoporosis
calcium ad vit d supplements
load bearing exercises
taking HRT (replace hormones]
taking biophosphonates (slow bone breakage rate down)
medication to strengthen bone
physiotherapy
using TENS
monitoring osteoporosis
bone density scans
DEXA SCAN
blood tests
fracture of unusual bone (wrist, shoulder)
impacts on lifestyle for arthritis
medication side effects
regular checkups
dietary changes
become immobile, housebound
recover surgery
prepping meals, driving difficulties
impacts on lifestyle for osteoporosis
side effects of medication
regular checkups
dietary changes
take care to avoid fractures, hobbies
loss of height, back pain
coping with pain
recover from surgery
