LO4 the musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what is the structure and function of the compact bone

Answer 1

dense hard stong
made of layers of collagen (proetin) called lamellae

provides structure and strength for the skeleton, protects the bone itself

Question 2

what is the structure and function of the bone marrow

Answer 2

red bone marrow - produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets found at spongy bone

yellow bone marrow made of fats and contains stem cells (replicate and turn into anything) can become fat, cartilage, bone cells
found in medulla cavity (hollow centre) of long bones

Question 3

what is the structure and function of the spongy bone

Answer 3

porous, less dense
either end of long bone
composed of network of connecting bones and spaces
strenght and flexibility
had red bone marrow and blood vessels

helps with shock adsorption

Question 4

what is the structure and function of the cartildge

Answer 4

strong, flexile, connective tissue projects joints and bones
converts end of joints and bone thin layer

acts as shock adsorption reduces friction when joints rub together

Question 5

what is the lacunae

Answer 5

spaces within hard bones that contain living oesteocytes

Question 6

what are osteocytes

Answer 6

one of the four kinds of bone cells

Question 7

what is canaliculi

Answer 7

tiny channels containing cyptoplasmic extensions of the oesteocytes

Question 8

what are the 5 things found in bones

Answer 8

1. haversion canal
2. lamellae
3. lacunae
4. osteocytes
5. canaliculi

Question 9

what are the 5 types of joints

Answer 9

1. hip, shoulder (ball and socket)
2. neck (pivot)
3. elbow, knee (pivot)
4. wrist, ankle (sliding, gliding)
5. cranium, pelvis

Question 10

what are the 7 components of synovial joints

Answer 10

1. muscle
2. bone
3. ligament
4. tendon
5. cartilage
6. synovial capsule
7. synovial fluid

Question 11

function of the muscle

Answer 11

movement, contracts and relaxes to move the joint

Question 12

function of the bone

Answer 12

provides framework and support for attachment of muscles and other tissues

Question 13

function of the ligament

Answer 13

attaches one bone to another

Question 14

function of the tendon

Answer 14

attaches muscle to bone

Question 15

function of cartilage

Answer 15

reduces friction and shock absorbs on joints, allowing joint to move smoothly, found on end of bones

Question 16

function of synovial capsule

Answer 16

secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability

Question 17

function of synovial fluid

Answer 17

lubricates and nourishes the joint

Question 18

what is a joint

Answer 18

place where two bones meet and is classified by what binds them

Question 19

what is hinge joint, where is it located, description

Answer 19

elbow and knee
molded in way to permit motion in one direction, joint in elbow allows arm to open (flexion) and close (extension) but can’t go side to side

Question 20

what is ball and socket joint, where is it located and description

Answer 20

shoulder and hip
ball shaped surface (type of synovial point) on rounded bone fits into cup like depression of another bone
capable of motion in many axes
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, can’t slide or glide

Question 21

what is pivot joint, where is it located and description

Answer 21

the neck
end where two bones meet, one end central boy cylinder and other is ring made of bone and ligaments
ring rotates around cylinder
rotation made of pivot joint

Question 22

what is the sliding, gliding joint, where is it located and description

Answer 22

wrist/ ankle
bony surfaces that the joint holds together/ flat or slightly rounded
allow bones to move parallel in sliding movement

Question 23

describe the muscle action around a joint

Answer 23

muscles work in pairs, bring out opposite action, they can only pull when they contract, can’t push

antagonistic pairs create movement when one contracts (antagonist) other relaxes

examploes quadriceps and hamstrings, biceps and triceps

when antagonist contracts, tendon pulls on bone

Question 24

what is osteoporosis

Answer 24

disease characterised by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue
leads to fragility and fractures

Question 25

symptoms of osteoporosis

Answer 25

• no obvious symptoms until fracture (usually unusual bone) cough or sneeze can cause it (rib fracture) lead to height loss and curvature of spine

Question 26

biological explanation for osteoporosis

Answer 26

due to loss of protein matrix from bone (becomes brittle)
bones become thinner and weaken
bones become more brittle with age women (oestrogen) declines after menopause (oestrogen promotes bone formation)

Question 27

cause of osteoporosis

Answer 27

1. age - losing bone
2. risk factors, family history of fractures, drinking, smoking, eating disorders, long term medications
3. other conditions ie chron’s
4. women - menopause, hysterectomy, absent periods
5. lifestyle factors, diet exercise, determine how healthy bones are

Question 28

what are the two types of arthritis

Answer 28

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

Question 29

symptoms of osteoarthritis

Answer 29

joints become painful and stiff
most often the knees, hips and small joints
joint tenderness and increased pain of joint not moved in a while
crackling noise or grating sensation of the joint
joints appear more knobbly

Question 30

biological explanation of osteoarthritis

Answer 30

• general wear and tear is repaired by body, cartilage can be lost
  bony growth develops -inflamed
• cartilage becomes stiff, loses elasticity and may wear away over time
  as cartilage may destroy tendons and ligaments stretch, eventually the bones rub against each other

Question 31

causes of osteoarthritus

Answer 31

• wear and tear, not normal part of ageing, risk develops as people get older, runs in families
• overweight, obese, puts weight o weight bearing joints
  -develop in joint damaged by injury or operation, joint not given enough time to heal after operation

Question 32

symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 32

throbbing pain and aching, stiff joints can swell, hot and tender to touch
firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules, develop under skin in affected joints

Question 33

biological explanation of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 33

immune system mistakenly attacks cells that line joints
synovial membrane that lines and lubricates joint becomes inflamed and sore, inflammation destroys cartilage
scar tissue replaces cartilage and joint becomes mishapen and rigid

Question 34

causes of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 34

exact cause not yet known
theory of autoimmune response, body attacks tissues by sending antibodies to joint linings
may be increased (smoking, hormones) women
inherited, risk low and play small role in condition

Question 35

what are the three treatments for arthritis

Answer 35

1. medication
   steroids, NSAIDSA, painkillers, corticosteroid injection, supplements
2. physiotherapy and exercise
   joint manipulation, assistance equipment, use of tens
3. surgery
   arthroscopy (clean joint debris) athroplasy ( joint replacement) osteotomy (bone cut and realigned)

Question 36

treatment for osteoporosis

Answer 36

calcium ad vit d supplements
load bearing exercises
taking HRT (replace hormones]
taking biophosphonates (slow bone breakage rate down)
medication to strengthen bone
physiotherapy
using TENS

Question 37

monitoring osteoporosis

Answer 37

bone density scans
DEXA SCAN
blood tests
fracture of unusual bone (wrist, shoulder)

Question 38

impacts on lifestyle for arthritis

Answer 38

medication side effects
regular checkups
dietary changes
become immobile, housebound
recover surgery
prepping meals, driving difficulties

Question 39

impacts on lifestyle for osteoporosis

Answer 39

side effects of medication
regular checkups
dietary changes
take care to avoid fractures, hobbies
loss of height, back pain
coping with pain
recover from surgery