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HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > L01 the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

L01 the cardiovascular system Flashcards

done the composition of the blood, cardiac cycle, malfunctions and treatment, structure of the heart

1
Q

what are the 4 components of the blood

A
  1. erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. Leucocytes (white blood cells)
  3. platelets
  4. plasma
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2
Q

what are erthrocytes

A

red blood cells which are made in the bone marrow
red because of haemoglobin
thin dislike shape

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3
Q

what are the function of erthrocytes

A

transport of 02 and c02 around the body
no nucleus means that there is more surface area to carry haemoglobin
haemoglobin combines c02 and can carry more oxygen (transport)
bicon cave shape round and flat
small and flexible can get into narrow cap in capillaries and vessels

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4
Q

what are leucocytes

A

white blood cells
part of immune system
defend body against infections
different types of leucocytes
1. neutrophils
2. monocytes

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5
Q

what are the two types of leucocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. monocytes
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6
Q

what is the function of leucocytes

A

role in defence and immunity
detect abnormal material and destroy it
lymphocytes - B cells produce antibodies (ie) bacteria, virus, toxin
T cells destroy own cells taken over in the body

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7
Q

what are platelets structure and what are they for

A

produced in bone marrow
disc shaped

prevents blood clots

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8
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

from blood clots by clumping together
by slowing/ stopping bleeding and help wounds heal

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9
Q

what is plasma

A

largest component of the blood
makes up 55% of blood volume
clear/ yellow colour liquid
carries platelets, red blood cells
white blood cells and proteins

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10
Q

what is the function of plasma

A
  1. liquid in which cells are suspended in
    2.transport (allows) lipids, glucose, amino acids, hormones, dissolved food molecules, co2 and 02
    carries proteins (fibrogen) helps
  2. blood clotting
  3. temperature regulation of the body
    blood removes heat from tissues
    like muscles and circulates it around the body
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11
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

average heart beat of 60-80bpm
each heartbeat, heart contracts (systole) then relaxed (diastole)

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12
Q

what is systole in the cardiac cycle

A

the heart is contracting

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13
Q

what is diastole in the cardiac cycle

A

the heart is relaxed

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14
Q

what is atrial systole

A

the right atrium contracts

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15
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

the ventricles contract

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16
Q

what is complete cardiac diastole

A

relaxation of atria and ventricles

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17
Q

what is EGG

A

electrocardiogram
shows the spread of electrical impulses generated by SA node as it travels through the atria, AV node ad ventricles
shows 5 waves ( P,Q, R, S, T)

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18
Q

what do EGG’s tell us

A

waves tell us electrical activity of the heart
differenr sections, different activities
P shows atrial contraction
QRS shows ventricular systole
T shows ventricles relaxing (diastole)
if waves are disordered EGG tells us which part of the heart is the problem

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19
Q

what happens during diastole in the cardiac cycle (acronym)

A

HIDE- heart is relaxed, deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the pulmonary vein and vena cava
TAYLOR- tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
AT- atria contracts
TRAVIS’S- Tricuspid and bicuspid valves open
BASEMENT- blood flows into ventricles

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20
Q

what happened during systole in the cardiac cycle (acronym)

A

TAYLOR- tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
VENTS- ventricles contract
SO semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves open
BADLY- blood leaves the ventricles via the pulmonary artery and aorta

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21
Q

symptoms of hypertension

A

severe headaches
dizziness
nausea
difficulty breathing
vomiting
blood pressure at 140/90mmHg when it should be 120/80mmHg

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22
Q

treatments/ monitoring of hypertension

A

blood pressure monitored

change in diet/ lifestyle balanced diet of low fat and salt, regular exercise, stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, enough sleep (6 hours) reduce stress

medication taken once a day, ACE inhibitors (lower bp) and beta blockers (slow heart rate)

impacts lead to increased risk of coronary heart disease, strokes and kidney disease

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23
Q

what are the two cardiovascular malfunctions

A

hypertension and coronary heart disease

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24
Q

biological explanation of hypertension

A

blood pressure recorded in 2 numbers (systole) higher the force which heart pumps blood around the body

diastole pressure (resistance to blood flow) in blood vessels

both measured in mm of mercury mmHg
high blood pressure damages blood vessels

abnormalities of the control systems that normally regulate blood pressure

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25
Q

cause of hypertension

A
  • age
  • family history of high bp
    -high salt intake
  • lack of exercise
  • overweight / obese
  • smoking reguarly
  • having a condition like diabetes, kidney disease or a hormonal problem (overactive thyroid)
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26
Q

what is hypertension

A

High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. “Hypertension” is another word for this common condition.

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26
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

Coronary heart disease is a common but serious condition where the blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked.

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27
Q

symptoms of coronary heart disease

A

angina- breathlessness, nausea, chest pain, tightness
heart attack- headache, sweat, body pains, tightness

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28
Q

biological explanation of coronary heart disease

A

walls of arteries blocked with fatty deposits
arteries which are completely blocked can cause heart attack or death

29
Q

cause of coronary heart disease

A

fatty deposits can be made excessive to block artery walls by lifestyle factors, smoking, low exercise, diabetes, age, gender, genes

30
Q

monitoring of coronary heart disease

A

blood tests for fats, sugars, cholesterol
electrocardiogram (ecg) electrical heart activity
lifestyle changes (hypertension)

31
Q

what are the two types of treatments available for coronary heart disease

A

medications
surgical procedures

32
Q

describe medication as a treatment for coronary heart disease

A

Nitrates- relax coronary arteries
- cholesterol lowering medicine (statins)
- antiplatelet tablets, aspirin, clopidogrel
-ace inhibitors, lower blood pressure

33
Q

describe surgical procedures as a treatment for coronary heart disease

A
  • angioplasty, small balloon inflates in arteries/ stent/ mesh tube
    -coronary artery bypass graft (surgery to bypass the narrow arteries to improve blood flow to the heart)
  • can’t be cured, treatment to manage symptoms and reduce risk of heart attacks
  • effects PIES, ability to do daily tasks, emotional and social impacts
34
Q

what is the aortas role

A

carries deoxygenated blood from he heart to the lungs

35
Q

what is the pulmonary veins role

A

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

36
Q

right does the bicuspid (mitral) valve do

A

allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

37
Q

where is the aortic valve found

A

found at exit of left ventricle where aorta begins

38
Q

what is the pulmonary valve

A

The pulmonary valve opens at the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle enabling the deoxygenated blood to be pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation

39
Q

what does tricuspid valve do

A

allows blood to low from the left atrium to the right ventricle
is the 1st valve blood enters

40
Q

function of pulmonary vein

A

carriers oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart

41
Q

superior vena cava function

A

The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

one of largest veins in the body

42
Q

function of inferior vena cava

A

The IVC is a large blood vessel responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen back to the right atrium of the heart.

43
Q

function of right ventricle

A

The right ventricle (RV) is responsible for accepting venous blood and propelling it to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its CO2 eliminated.

44
Q

function of left ventricle

A

The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump oxygenated blood to the body

45
Q

function of left atrium

A

The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

46
Q

function of pulmonary valve

A

The pulmonary heart valve opens, allowing deoxygenated blood to leave the right ventricle and flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Once the right ventricle has emptied, the pulmonary heart valve closes, thereby keeping the blood from reentering the right ventricle.

47
Q

function of right atrium

A

The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

48
Q

what is the heart made of and what is its structure

A

made of cardiac muscle
4 chambers
left and right atrium
left and right ventricle

49
Q

why is the heart sometimes referred to as a double pump

A

it pumps through two separate circulatory systems, pulmonary and systemic

50
Q

what are the two circulatory systems the heart pumps blood to and what are their functions

A
  1. pulmonary (right) - receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
  2. systemic (left) - receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body
51
Q

describe the 6 steps of the function of the heart (circulatory system)

A
  1. oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium
  2. blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral valve) into the left ventricle
  3. blood is forced out of aorta and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
  4. deoxygenated blood returns to the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
  5. blood squeezed through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  6. blood is forced through pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
52
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels which compromise to the transport system for blood

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capillaries
53
Q

what is the function and structure of arteries

A

carries blood away from the heart
walls have several, thick, elastic fibres and muscle

54
Q

what is the function and structure of veins

A

have large internal diameters and thinner walls than arteries

blood is not under pressure and veins have valves through their length
carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

55
Q

what sequence does blood move around the body in

A

heart - arteries- capillaries - veins - heart

56
Q

what is the structure and the function of capillaries

A

smallest blood vessel and have walls made up of single layers of cells

have thin walls to allow exchange of water, nutrients, co2, o2, and waste between blood and surrounding tissue

57
Q

differences in arteries and veins

A
  1. arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry it to heart
  2. blood is oxygenated in arteries, veins is deoxygenated
  3. blood flow is quick at high pressure in arteries, blood flow in veins is slow due to low pressure
  4. blood flows in pulses in arteries and blood flows smoothly in veins in squeezing action
    5.artery walls are thick, muscular walls and elastic and veins have little muscular walls, thin
  5. don’t have valves except base of large arteries leaving heart in arteries, veins have valves to prevent backflow
  6. arteries internal diameter is small, large in veins
  7. artery cross section is round, veins is oval
58
Q

what is lympth

A

a clear to white fluid made up of white blood cells and lympocytes (cells which attack bacteria) and chyle which contains proteins and fats

59
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system

A

drainage and filtration system which works to remove excess fluid from tissues and returns to bloodstream
subsystem of
1. circulatory system
2. immune system

absorbs fatty acids and transports fat into the blood stream to be absorbed in small intestine

produces white blood cells and then antibodies

60
Q

what does the lymphatic system contain

A
  1. lymph
  2. lympth vessels
  3. lympth nodes
  4. lymph organs (spleen, thmus)
  5. bone marrow
61
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell, attacks bacteria in the body and body tissues

62
Q

what is the role of hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure from heart contractions that forces water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out the capillary walls to the surrounding tissue
forms tissue fluid

63
Q

what are the 2 components of the blood and what do they contain

A
  1. cells (red, white blood cells, platelets)
  2. plasma (glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, plasma proteins)
64
Q

what is blood plasma, what is its structure and function

A
  • clear straw coloured liquid in blood
  • contains plasma proteins, for blood clotting and supporting the immune system
  • osmotic regulation, control of water content of the body, avoiding too much water from entering and leaving the cells
65
Q

what is tissue fluid, what is its structure and function

A
  • fluid between body cells
  • also known as interstitial fluid
  • carries nutrients and o2 to tissue cells
  • formed from filtering of blood from capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure
66
Q

what is lympth, what is its structure and function

A
  • filtered watery fluid drained by lymphatic system
  • formed from plasma
  • contains white blood cells
  • involved in removal of waste and infections organisms from tissues
67
Q

what is the role of plasma proteins

A

help maintain collodial osmotic pressure at 22mmHg

proteins present in the blood plasma

68
Q

what are two types of abundant blood plasmas

A
  1. albumins
  2. globilins
69
Q

describe albumins as a type of abundant blood plasmas

A

most abundant plasma proteins
source of thickness, viscosity of plasma and osmotic pressure, retains fluid within blood vessels
opposite force to hydrostatic pressure

if levels fall, osmotic pressure falls and fluid leaving the blood stream can accumulate in tissues and cause a condition called oedema

70
Q

describe globulins as a type of abundant blood plasmas

A

second most abundant blood plasma
includes immunoglobins and antibodies
protective proteins (immune response) made by lymphocytes (white blood cells)

71
Q

name the example of a third type of plasma proteins and what is it responsible for

A

fibrinogen
1. blood coagulation
2. blood clotting

HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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