L01 the cardiovascular system Flashcards
done the composition of the blood, cardiac cycle, malfunctions and treatment, structure of the heart
what are the 4 components of the blood
- erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leucocytes (white blood cells)
- platelets
- plasma
what are erthrocytes
red blood cells which are made in the bone marrow
red because of haemoglobin
thin dislike shape
what are the function of erthrocytes
transport of 02 and c02 around the body
no nucleus means that there is more surface area to carry haemoglobin
haemoglobin combines c02 and can carry more oxygen (transport)
bicon cave shape round and flat
small and flexible can get into narrow cap in capillaries and vessels
what are leucocytes
white blood cells
part of immune system
defend body against infections
different types of leucocytes
1. neutrophils
2. monocytes
what are the two types of leucocytes
- neutrophils
- monocytes
what is the function of leucocytes
role in defence and immunity
detect abnormal material and destroy it
lymphocytes - B cells produce antibodies (ie) bacteria, virus, toxin
T cells destroy own cells taken over in the body
what are platelets structure and what are they for
produced in bone marrow
disc shaped
prevents blood clots
what is the function of platelets
from blood clots by clumping together
by slowing/ stopping bleeding and help wounds heal
what is plasma
largest component of the blood
makes up 55% of blood volume
clear/ yellow colour liquid
carries platelets, red blood cells
white blood cells and proteins
what is the function of plasma
- liquid in which cells are suspended in
2.transport (allows) lipids, glucose, amino acids, hormones, dissolved food molecules, co2 and 02
carries proteins (fibrogen) helps - blood clotting
- temperature regulation of the body
blood removes heat from tissues
like muscles and circulates it around the body
what is the cardiac cycle
average heart beat of 60-80bpm
each heartbeat, heart contracts (systole) then relaxed (diastole)
what is systole in the cardiac cycle
the heart is contracting
what is diastole in the cardiac cycle
the heart is relaxed
what is atrial systole
the right atrium contracts
what is ventricular systole
the ventricles contract
what is complete cardiac diastole
relaxation of atria and ventricles
what is EGG
electrocardiogram
shows the spread of electrical impulses generated by SA node as it travels through the atria, AV node ad ventricles
shows 5 waves ( P,Q, R, S, T)
what do EGG’s tell us
waves tell us electrical activity of the heart
differenr sections, different activities
P shows atrial contraction
QRS shows ventricular systole
T shows ventricles relaxing (diastole)
if waves are disordered EGG tells us which part of the heart is the problem
what happens during diastole in the cardiac cycle (acronym)
HIDE- heart is relaxed, deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the pulmonary vein and vena cava
TAYLOR- tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
AT- atria contracts
TRAVIS’S- Tricuspid and bicuspid valves open
BASEMENT- blood flows into ventricles
what happened during systole in the cardiac cycle (acronym)
TAYLOR- tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
VENTS- ventricles contract
SO semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves open
BADLY- blood leaves the ventricles via the pulmonary artery and aorta
symptoms of hypertension
severe headaches
dizziness
nausea
difficulty breathing
vomiting
blood pressure at 140/90mmHg when it should be 120/80mmHg
treatments/ monitoring of hypertension
blood pressure monitored
change in diet/ lifestyle balanced diet of low fat and salt, regular exercise, stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, enough sleep (6 hours) reduce stress
medication taken once a day, ACE inhibitors (lower bp) and beta blockers (slow heart rate)
impacts lead to increased risk of coronary heart disease, strokes and kidney disease
what are the two cardiovascular malfunctions
hypertension and coronary heart disease
biological explanation of hypertension
blood pressure recorded in 2 numbers (systole) higher the force which heart pumps blood around the body
diastole pressure (resistance to blood flow) in blood vessels
both measured in mm of mercury mmHg
high blood pressure damages blood vessels
abnormalities of the control systems that normally regulate blood pressure
cause of hypertension
- age
- family history of high bp
-high salt intake - lack of exercise
- overweight / obese
- smoking reguarly
- having a condition like diabetes, kidney disease or a hormonal problem (overactive thyroid)
what is hypertension
High blood pressure is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high. This damages your arteries over time and can lead to serious complications like heart attack and stroke. “Hypertension” is another word for this common condition.
what is coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is a common but serious condition where the blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed or blocked.
symptoms of coronary heart disease
angina- breathlessness, nausea, chest pain, tightness
heart attack- headache, sweat, body pains, tightness
biological explanation of coronary heart disease
walls of arteries blocked with fatty deposits
arteries which are completely blocked can cause heart attack or death
cause of coronary heart disease
fatty deposits can be made excessive to block artery walls by lifestyle factors, smoking, low exercise, diabetes, age, gender, genes
monitoring of coronary heart disease
blood tests for fats, sugars, cholesterol
electrocardiogram (ecg) electrical heart activity
lifestyle changes (hypertension)
what are the two types of treatments available for coronary heart disease
medications
surgical procedures
describe medication as a treatment for coronary heart disease
Nitrates- relax coronary arteries
- cholesterol lowering medicine (statins)
- antiplatelet tablets, aspirin, clopidogrel
-ace inhibitors, lower blood pressure
describe surgical procedures as a treatment for coronary heart disease
- angioplasty, small balloon inflates in arteries/ stent/ mesh tube
-coronary artery bypass graft (surgery to bypass the narrow arteries to improve blood flow to the heart) - can’t be cured, treatment to manage symptoms and reduce risk of heart attacks
- effects PIES, ability to do daily tasks, emotional and social impacts
what is the aortas role
carries deoxygenated blood from he heart to the lungs
what is the pulmonary veins role
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
right does the bicuspid (mitral) valve do
allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
where is the aortic valve found
found at exit of left ventricle where aorta begins
what is the pulmonary valve
The pulmonary valve opens at the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle enabling the deoxygenated blood to be pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation
what does tricuspid valve do
allows blood to low from the left atrium to the right ventricle
is the 1st valve blood enters
function of pulmonary vein
carriers oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart
superior vena cava function
The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.
one of largest veins in the body
function of inferior vena cava
The IVC is a large blood vessel responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen back to the right atrium of the heart.
function of right ventricle
The right ventricle (RV) is responsible for accepting venous blood and propelling it to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its CO2 eliminated.
function of left ventricle
The left ventricle connects nearly all organ systems through its function to pump oxygenated blood to the body
function of left atrium
The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
function of pulmonary valve
The pulmonary heart valve opens, allowing deoxygenated blood to leave the right ventricle and flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Once the right ventricle has emptied, the pulmonary heart valve closes, thereby keeping the blood from reentering the right ventricle.
function of right atrium
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
what is the heart made of and what is its structure
made of cardiac muscle
4 chambers
left and right atrium
left and right ventricle
why is the heart sometimes referred to as a double pump
it pumps through two separate circulatory systems, pulmonary and systemic
what are the two circulatory systems the heart pumps blood to and what are their functions
- pulmonary (right) - receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
- systemic (left) - receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body
describe the 6 steps of the function of the heart (circulatory system)
- oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium
- blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral valve) into the left ventricle
- blood is forced out of aorta and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
- deoxygenated blood returns to the body via the superior and inferior vena cava
- blood squeezed through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
- blood is forced through pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
what are the three types of blood vessels which compromise to the transport system for blood
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
what is the function and structure of arteries
carries blood away from the heart
walls have several, thick, elastic fibres and muscle
what is the function and structure of veins
have large internal diameters and thinner walls than arteries
blood is not under pressure and veins have valves through their length
carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
what sequence does blood move around the body in
heart - arteries- capillaries - veins - heart
what is the structure and the function of capillaries
smallest blood vessel and have walls made up of single layers of cells
have thin walls to allow exchange of water, nutrients, co2, o2, and waste between blood and surrounding tissue
differences in arteries and veins
- arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry it to heart
- blood is oxygenated in arteries, veins is deoxygenated
- blood flow is quick at high pressure in arteries, blood flow in veins is slow due to low pressure
- blood flows in pulses in arteries and blood flows smoothly in veins in squeezing action
5.artery walls are thick, muscular walls and elastic and veins have little muscular walls, thin - don’t have valves except base of large arteries leaving heart in arteries, veins have valves to prevent backflow
- arteries internal diameter is small, large in veins
- artery cross section is round, veins is oval
what is lympth
a clear to white fluid made up of white blood cells and lympocytes (cells which attack bacteria) and chyle which contains proteins and fats
what is the function of the lymphatic system
drainage and filtration system which works to remove excess fluid from tissues and returns to bloodstream
subsystem of
1. circulatory system
2. immune system
absorbs fatty acids and transports fat into the blood stream to be absorbed in small intestine
produces white blood cells and then antibodies
what does the lymphatic system contain
- lymph
- lympth vessels
- lympth nodes
- lymph organs (spleen, thmus)
- bone marrow
what are lymphocytes
a type of white blood cell, attacks bacteria in the body and body tissues
what is the role of hydrostatic pressure
the pressure from heart contractions that forces water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out the capillary walls to the surrounding tissue
forms tissue fluid
what are the 2 components of the blood and what do they contain
- cells (red, white blood cells, platelets)
- plasma (glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, plasma proteins)
what is blood plasma, what is its structure and function
- clear straw coloured liquid in blood
- contains plasma proteins, for blood clotting and supporting the immune system
- osmotic regulation, control of water content of the body, avoiding too much water from entering and leaving the cells
what is tissue fluid, what is its structure and function
- fluid between body cells
- also known as interstitial fluid
- carries nutrients and o2 to tissue cells
- formed from filtering of blood from capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure
what is lympth, what is its structure and function
- filtered watery fluid drained by lymphatic system
- formed from plasma
- contains white blood cells
- involved in removal of waste and infections organisms from tissues
what is the role of plasma proteins
help maintain collodial osmotic pressure at 22mmHg
proteins present in the blood plasma
what are two types of abundant blood plasmas
- albumins
- globilins
describe albumins as a type of abundant blood plasmas
most abundant plasma proteins
source of thickness, viscosity of plasma and osmotic pressure, retains fluid within blood vessels
opposite force to hydrostatic pressure
if levels fall, osmotic pressure falls and fluid leaving the blood stream can accumulate in tissues and cause a condition called oedema
describe globulins as a type of abundant blood plasmas
second most abundant blood plasma
includes immunoglobins and antibodies
protective proteins (immune response) made by lymphocytes (white blood cells)
name the example of a third type of plasma proteins and what is it responsible for
fibrinogen
1. blood coagulation
2. blood clotting
