LO3 The digestive system

Question 1

what is the buccal cavity

Answer 1

where food is put in, chewed and is also known as the oral cavity

Question 1

what are salivary glands

Answer 1

they create saliva, moistens food and easy to swallow

Question 2

what is epiglottis

Answer 2

flap of cartilage behind the roof of the tongue, covers the opening of food (windpipe) when swallowing

Question 3

what is the oesophagus

Answer 3

muscular tube which connects the throat and stomach, persistalsis takes place (squeezing) helps food move down to the stomach

Question 4

what is the stomach’s structure and components

Answer 4

also known as duodenum, food is partially digested (chyme) and chemically altered by fluids from the liver and bile from the pancreas. the duodenum is lined with villi and increases the surface area to help with adsorption of nutrients into the blood stream

Question 5

large intestines structure and components

Answer 5

the colon reabsorbs fluids and processes waste in preparation for elimination

readsorbs water and ions from partially digested foods and creates faeces from what remains

Question 6

the rectums structure and component

Answer 6

last part of the colon and links to the anus to store faeces

Question 7

what is the anus structure and function

Answer 7

opening of the body, faeces is expelled (defecation) anal sphincter muscle controls the opening and closing of the anus

Question 8

what is mechanical digestion

Answer 8

when food is physically broken down to become smaller.
Chewing - teeth breaks down
stomach- churns food to break down
small intestine- bile emulsifies
lipids (fats) help

Question 9

what is chemical digestion

Answer 9

nutrients are broken down into enzymes to smaller molecules to be absorbed
buccal cavity- saliva amylase
stomach- churns hydrochloric acid and enzyme
proteins- chemical digestion
proteins are broken down in the stomach and the small intestine

Question 10

name the 4 steps of the digestive system

Answer 10

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. adsorption
4. elimination

Question 11

what is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system

Answer 11

produces pancreatic juice
produces digstive enzyme released into the small intestine in the juice
the juice releases into duodenum to help body digst fats
juice released into duct to eliminate the pancreatic duct

Question 12

role of bile in the digestive system

Answer 12

juice produced by the liver
helps the body to adsorb fats in the bloodstream
stored in gallbladder until the body needs to digest fats
enters small intestine through bile duct
emulsifies fats, neutralises stomach acids

Question 13

what is adsorption

Answer 13

how nutrients are adsorbed into the blood stream from food and occurs in the small intestine

Question 14

steps of adsorption

VIVIENS VERY PRETTY EFFECTIVELY

Answer 14

1. villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine wall to enable adsorption
2. villi contains blood vessels and lacteal (lympathatic capillaries) that adsorbs dietary fats in villi of small intestine
3. products of fat digestion enters lacteal
4. everything else enters the blood

Question 15

what is the role of the liver in assimilation

Answer 15

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where used, so they become part of those cells
- excess glucose in the blood reaching the liver is converted into glycogen to be stored or broken down through respiratiob producing energy
- the liver is where toxins ie alcohol is broken down

Question 16

what are the three malfunctions associated with the digestive system

Answer 16

1. coeliac diease
2. gallstones
3. Irritable bowel syndrome

Question 17

what are the symptoms of gallstones

Answer 17

abdominal pain
sweating
sickness
jaundice
itchy skin
loss of appetite

Question 18

what is the biological explanation for gallstones

Answer 18

unusually high cholesteral levels
unusally high waste product bilibrum levels
chemical imbalances causing tiny crystals to develop in bile, gradually grow over years, solid stones size of large pebble

Question 18

what is the cause of gallstones

Answer 18

imbalances in chemical makeup or bile in gallbladder
overweight, female, 40+, condition which already affects bile (chron’s, IBS).
close family member who has them

Question 19

name 4 treatments for gallstones

Answer 19

1. active monitoring
2. keyhole surgery
3. medication
4. lithotripsy

Question 20

what does active monitoring involve for gallstones treatment

Answer 20

no immediate treatment, let GP know if symptoms increase in severity, then can get treatment.

Question 21

what does keyhole surgery involve for gallstones treatment

Answer 21

removing the gallbladder completely
operation without large incision

Question 22

what does medication treatment involve for gallstones

Answer 22

dissolve the call stones
not always effective
need to be taken for long time
could come back

Question 23

what does lithotripsy treatment for gallstones involve

Answer 23

tiny endoscope with camera on the end used to deliver shocks to gallstones camera allows GP to see shattering gallstones non surgical treatment

Question 24

what changes on diet and lifestyle has to be made for gallstones

Answer 24

non essential organ can live without after surgery symptoms could be bloating dirrohea after eating fatty or spicy foods healthy and balanced diet on eat well guide moderate bits of fat

Question 25

why is IBS caused?

Answer 25

when food moves to slowly or quickly in digestive system

Question 26

symptoms of ibs

Answer 26

stomach pain cramping bloating swelled stomach sudden toilet need mucus from anus wind flatuence

Question 27

biological explanation for ibs

Answer 27

food moves to quickly or slowly in digestive system too quickly - diarrhoea because not enough water is absorbed too slowly - constipation problems with adsorbtion of bile

Question 28

causes of ibs

Answer 28

gut sensitivity to certain foods problems with food digestion triggered by something eaten/ drunk changes in diet to control

Question 29

what are the two treatments for ibs

Answer 29

to avoid diarrhoea, cut down on fibre foods whole grain (brown bread) and avoid products containing sorbito (sweetners) avoid faltuence - avoid foods hard to digest (brocoli) eat alot of linseeds in the day

Question 30

impact on lifestyle on ibs

Answer 30

restrict sleep/ discomfort frequent frequent toilet visits flatuence/ embarrasing avoid fizzy drinks and coffee avoid stressful situations regular excercise have food diary

Question 31

what is coeliac disease

Answer 31

auto immune conditon, immune system attacks gladin which is in gluten, flattens vili, distrups nutrient adsorption

Question 32

symptoms of coeliac disease

Answer 32

indegestion stomac pain bloating flatuence feeling tired all of the time children not growing at expected weight

Question 33

biological explanation of coeliac disease

Answer 33

autoimmune condition, fights infection by mistake (gladin in gluten) attacks it villi flattens, surface of small intestine wall inflamed body's ability to adsorb nutrients is distrupted villi helps nutrients to adsorbed in through small intestine gluten intolerance

Question 34

causes of coeliac disease

Answer 34

runs in families number of genetic mutations responsible for development in immune system environmental triggers introducing gluten into baby's diet too early before 6 months

Question 35

what are the three treatments for coeliac disease

Answer 35

- give up gluten food - vaccinations as they are more vulnerable to infection - take vitamin supplements to help with dietary deficiencies

Question 36

what is the impact on lifestyle on coeliac disease

Answer 36

remove gluten or villi will be destroyed vitamins and minerals will regrow villi read foods carefully when shopping gluten free products avoid using oil that has been used to fry gluten (ie batter)

Question 37

what are the three methods of monitoring for the malfunctionsin the digestive system?

Answer 37

1. gastroscopy 2. ultrasound 3. cholangiography

Question 38

what is gastroscopy as a method for monitoring malfunctions

Answer 38

use of endoscope with light and camera inserted in body opening to see abdominal pain, problems swallowing, examines oesophagus, stomach and duodenum long flexible tube unaesthetic spray used to numb throat

Question 39

what is ultrasound as a method for monitoring malfunctions

Answer 39

examines liver, other organs ie abdomen or pelvis lubricating gel used sound wave bounce back of body tissues to produce image

Question 40

what is cholangiography as a method for monitoring malfunctions

Answer 40

- further info on gallbladder dye show up in x ray injected into blood stream or bile duct during surgery or through endoscope in mouth die injected gives x ray image to reveal abnormalities in bile or pancreatic juice