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HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > LO3 The digestive system > Flashcards

LO3 The digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the buccal cavity

A

where food is put in, chewed and is also known as the oral cavity

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1
Q

what are salivary glands

A

they create saliva, moistens food and easy to swallow

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2
Q

what is epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage behind the roof of the tongue, covers the opening of food (windpipe) when swallowing

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3
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

muscular tube which connects the throat and stomach, persistalsis takes place (squeezing) helps food move down to the stomach

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4
Q

what is the stomach’s structure and components

A

also known as duodenum, food is partially digested (chyme) and chemically altered by fluids from the liver and bile from the pancreas. the duodenum is lined with villi and increases the surface area to help with adsorption of nutrients into the blood stream

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5
Q

large intestines structure and components

A

the colon reabsorbs fluids and processes waste in preparation for elimination

readsorbs water and ions from partially digested foods and creates faeces from what remains

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6
Q

the rectums structure and component

A

last part of the colon and links to the anus to store faeces

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7
Q

what is the anus structure and function

A

opening of the body, faeces is expelled (defecation) anal sphincter muscle controls the opening and closing of the anus

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8
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

when food is physically broken down to become smaller.
Chewing - teeth breaks down
stomach- churns food to break down
small intestine- bile emulsifies
lipids (fats) help

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9
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

nutrients are broken down into enzymes to smaller molecules to be absorbed
buccal cavity- saliva amylase
stomach- churns hydrochloric acid and enzyme
proteins- chemical digestion
proteins are broken down in the stomach and the small intestine

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10
Q

name the 4 steps of the digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. adsorption
  4. elimination
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11
Q

what is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system

A

produces pancreatic juice
produces digstive enzyme released into the small intestine in the juice
the juice releases into duodenum to help body digst fats
juice released into duct to eliminate the pancreatic duct

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12
Q

role of bile in the digestive system

A

juice produced by the liver
helps the body to adsorb fats in the bloodstream
stored in gallbladder until the body needs to digest fats
enters small intestine through bile duct
emulsifies fats, neutralises stomach acids

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13
Q

what is adsorption

A

how nutrients are adsorbed into the blood stream from food and occurs in the small intestine

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14
Q

steps of adsorption

VIVIENS VERY PRETTY EFFECTIVELY

A
  1. villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine wall to enable adsorption
  2. villi contains blood vessels and lacteal (lympathatic capillaries) that adsorbs dietary fats in villi of small intestine
  3. products of fat digestion enters lacteal
  4. everything else enters the blood
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15
Q

what is the role of the liver in assimilation

A

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where used, so they become part of those cells
- excess glucose in the blood reaching the liver is converted into glycogen to be stored or broken down through respiratiob producing energy
- the liver is where toxins ie alcohol is broken down

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16
Q

what are the three malfunctions associated with the digestive system

A
  1. coeliac diease
  2. gallstones
  3. Irritable bowel syndrome
17
Q

what are the symptoms of gallstones

A

abdominal pain
sweating
sickness
jaundice
itchy skin
loss of appetite

18
Q

what is the biological explanation for gallstones

A

unusually high cholesteral levels
unusally high waste product bilibrum levels
chemical imbalances causing tiny crystals to develop in bile, gradually grow over years, solid stones size of large pebble

18
Q

what is the cause of gallstones

A

imbalances in chemical makeup or bile in gallbladder
overweight, female, 40+, condition which already affects bile (chron’s, IBS).
close family member who has them

19
Q

name 4 treatments for gallstones

A
  1. active monitoring
  2. keyhole surgery
  3. medication
  4. lithotripsy
20
Q

what does active monitoring involve for gallstones treatment

A

no immediate treatment, let GP know if symptoms increase in severity, then can get treatment.

21
Q

what does keyhole surgery involve for gallstones treatment

A

removing the gallbladder completely
operation without large incision

22
Q

what does medication treatment involve for gallstones

A

dissolve the call stones
not always effective
need to be taken for long time
could come back

23
Q

what does lithotripsy treatment for gallstones involve

A

tiny endoscope with camera on the end
used to deliver shocks to gallstones
camera allows GP to see shattering gallstones
non surgical treatment

24
Q

what changes on diet and lifestyle has to be made for gallstones

A

non essential organ can live without
after surgery symptoms could be bloating dirrohea after eating fatty or spicy foods
healthy and balanced diet on eat well guide
moderate bits of fat

25
Q

why is IBS caused?

A

when food moves to slowly or quickly in digestive system

26
Q

symptoms of ibs

A

stomach pain
cramping
bloating
swelled stomach
sudden toilet need
mucus from anus
wind flatuence

27
Q

biological explanation for ibs

A

food moves to quickly or slowly in digestive system
too quickly - diarrhoea because not enough water is absorbed
too slowly - constipation
problems with adsorbtion of bile

28
Q

causes of ibs

A

gut sensitivity to certain foods
problems with food digestion
triggered by something eaten/ drunk
changes in diet to control

29
Q

what are the two treatments for ibs

A

to avoid diarrhoea, cut down on fibre foods whole grain (brown bread) and avoid products containing sorbito (sweetners)

avoid faltuence - avoid foods hard to digest (brocoli) eat alot of linseeds in the day

30
Q

impact on lifestyle on ibs

A

restrict sleep/ discomfort
frequent
frequent toilet visits
flatuence/ embarrasing
avoid fizzy drinks and coffee
avoid stressful situations
regular excercise
have food diary

31
Q

what is coeliac disease

A

auto immune conditon, immune system attacks gladin which is in gluten, flattens vili, distrups nutrient adsorption

32
Q

symptoms of coeliac disease

A

indegestion
stomac pain
bloating
flatuence
feeling tired all of the time
children not growing at expected weight

33
Q

biological explanation of coeliac disease

A

autoimmune condition, fights infection by mistake (gladin in gluten) attacks it
villi flattens, surface of small intestine wall inflamed
body’s ability to adsorb nutrients is distrupted
villi helps nutrients to adsorbed in through small intestine
gluten intolerance

34
Q

causes of coeliac disease

A

runs in families
number of genetic mutations responsible for development in immune system
environmental triggers
introducing gluten into baby’s diet too early before 6 months

35
Q

what are the three treatments for coeliac disease

A
  • give up gluten food
  • vaccinations as they are more vulnerable to infection
  • take vitamin supplements to help with dietary deficiencies
36
Q

what is the impact on lifestyle on coeliac disease

A

remove gluten or villi will be destroyed
vitamins and minerals will regrow villi
read foods carefully when shopping
gluten free products
avoid using oil that has been used to fry gluten (ie batter)

37
Q

what are the three methods of monitoring for the malfunctionsin the digestive system?

A
  1. gastroscopy
  2. ultrasound
  3. cholangiography
38
Q

what is gastroscopy as a method for monitoring malfunctions

A

use of endoscope with light and camera inserted in body opening to see abdominal pain, problems swallowing, examines oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
long flexible tube
unaesthetic spray used to numb throat

39
Q

what is ultrasound as a method for monitoring malfunctions

A

examines liver, other organs ie abdomen or pelvis
lubricating gel used
sound wave bounce back of body tissues to produce image

40
Q

what is cholangiography as a method for monitoring malfunctions

A
  • further info on gallbladder
    dye show up in x ray
    injected into blood stream or bile duct during surgery or through endoscope in mouth
    die injected gives x ray image to reveal abnormalities in bile or pancreatic juice

HEALTH ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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