LO3 The digestive system Flashcards
completed
what is the buccal cavity
where food is put in, chewed and is also known as the oral cavity
what are salivary glands
they create saliva, moistens food and easy to swallow
what is epiglottis
flap of cartilage behind the roof of the tongue, covers the opening of food (windpipe) when swallowing
what is the oesophagus
muscular tube which connects the throat and stomach, persistalsis takes place (squeezing) helps food move down to the stomach
what is the stomach’s structure and components
also known as duodenum, food is partially digested (chyme) and chemically altered by fluids from the liver and bile from the pancreas. the duodenum is lined with villi and increases the surface area to help with adsorption of nutrients into the blood stream
large intestines structure and components
the colon reabsorbs fluids and processes waste in preparation for elimination
readsorbs water and ions from partially digested foods and creates faeces from what remains
the rectums structure and component
last part of the colon and links to the anus to store faeces
what is the anus structure and function
opening of the body, faeces is expelled (defecation) anal sphincter muscle controls the opening and closing of the anus
what is mechanical digestion
when food is physically broken down to become smaller.
Chewing - teeth breaks down
stomach- churns food to break down
small intestine- bile emulsifies
lipids (fats) help
what is chemical digestion
nutrients are broken down into enzymes to smaller molecules to be absorbed
buccal cavity- saliva amylase
stomach- churns hydrochloric acid and enzyme
proteins- chemical digestion
proteins are broken down in the stomach and the small intestine
name the 4 steps of the digestive system
- ingestion
- digestion
- adsorption
- elimination
what is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system
produces pancreatic juice
produces digstive enzyme released into the small intestine in the juice
the juice releases into duodenum to help body digst fats
juice released into duct to eliminate the pancreatic duct
role of bile in the digestive system
juice produced by the liver
helps the body to adsorb fats in the bloodstream
stored in gallbladder until the body needs to digest fats
enters small intestine through bile duct
emulsifies fats, neutralises stomach acids
what is adsorption
how nutrients are adsorbed into the blood stream from food and occurs in the small intestine
steps of adsorption
VIVIENS VERY PRETTY EFFECTIVELY
- villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine wall to enable adsorption
- villi contains blood vessels and lacteal (lympathatic capillaries) that adsorbs dietary fats in villi of small intestine
- products of fat digestion enters lacteal
- everything else enters the blood
what is the role of the liver in assimilation
the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where used, so they become part of those cells
- excess glucose in the blood reaching the liver is converted into glycogen to be stored or broken down through respiratiob producing energy
- the liver is where toxins ie alcohol is broken down
what are the three malfunctions associated with the digestive system
- coeliac diease
- gallstones
- Irritable bowel syndrome
what are the symptoms of gallstones
abdominal pain
sweating
sickness
jaundice
itchy skin
loss of appetite
what is the biological explanation for gallstones
unusually high cholesteral levels
unusally high waste product bilibrum levels
chemical imbalances causing tiny crystals to develop in bile, gradually grow over years, solid stones size of large pebble
what is the cause of gallstones
imbalances in chemical makeup or bile in gallbladder
overweight, female, 40+, condition which already affects bile (chron’s, IBS).
close family member who has them
name 4 treatments for gallstones
- active monitoring
- keyhole surgery
- medication
- lithotripsy
what does active monitoring involve for gallstones treatment
no immediate treatment, let GP know if symptoms increase in severity, then can get treatment.
what does keyhole surgery involve for gallstones treatment
removing the gallbladder completely
operation without large incision
what does medication treatment involve for gallstones
dissolve the call stones
not always effective
need to be taken for long time
could come back
what does lithotripsy treatment for gallstones involve
tiny endoscope with camera on the end
used to deliver shocks to gallstones
camera allows GP to see shattering gallstones
non surgical treatment
what changes on diet and lifestyle has to be made for gallstones
non essential organ can live without
after surgery symptoms could be bloating dirrohea after eating fatty or spicy foods
healthy and balanced diet on eat well guide
moderate bits of fat
why is IBS caused?
when food moves to slowly or quickly in digestive system
symptoms of ibs
stomach pain
cramping
bloating
swelled stomach
sudden toilet need
mucus from anus
wind flatuence
biological explanation for ibs
food moves to quickly or slowly in digestive system
too quickly - diarrhoea because not enough water is absorbed
too slowly - constipation
problems with adsorbtion of bile
causes of ibs
gut sensitivity to certain foods
problems with food digestion
triggered by something eaten/ drunk
changes in diet to control
what are the two treatments for ibs
to avoid diarrhoea, cut down on fibre foods whole grain (brown bread) and avoid products containing sorbito (sweetners)
avoid faltuence - avoid foods hard to digest (brocoli) eat alot of linseeds in the day
impact on lifestyle on ibs
restrict sleep/ discomfort
frequent
frequent toilet visits
flatuence/ embarrasing
avoid fizzy drinks and coffee
avoid stressful situations
regular excercise
have food diary
what is coeliac disease
auto immune conditon, immune system attacks gladin which is in gluten, flattens vili, distrups nutrient adsorption
symptoms of coeliac disease
indegestion
stomac pain
bloating
flatuence
feeling tired all of the time
children not growing at expected weight
biological explanation of coeliac disease
autoimmune condition, fights infection by mistake (gladin in gluten) attacks it
villi flattens, surface of small intestine wall inflamed
body’s ability to adsorb nutrients is distrupted
villi helps nutrients to adsorbed in through small intestine
gluten intolerance
causes of coeliac disease
runs in families
number of genetic mutations responsible for development in immune system
environmental triggers
introducing gluten into baby’s diet too early before 6 months
what are the three treatments for coeliac disease
- give up gluten food
- vaccinations as they are more vulnerable to infection
- take vitamin supplements to help with dietary deficiencies
what is the impact on lifestyle on coeliac disease
remove gluten or villi will be destroyed
vitamins and minerals will regrow villi
read foods carefully when shopping
gluten free products
avoid using oil that has been used to fry gluten (ie batter)
what are the three methods of monitoring for the malfunctionsin the digestive system?
- gastroscopy
- ultrasound
- cholangiography
what is gastroscopy as a method for monitoring malfunctions
use of endoscope with light and camera inserted in body opening to see abdominal pain, problems swallowing, examines oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
long flexible tube
unaesthetic spray used to numb throat
what is ultrasound as a method for monitoring malfunctions
examines liver, other organs ie abdomen or pelvis
lubricating gel used
sound wave bounce back of body tissues to produce image
what is cholangiography as a method for monitoring malfunctions
- further info on gallbladder
dye show up in x ray
injected into blood stream or bile duct during surgery or through endoscope in mouth
die injected gives x ray image to reveal abnormalities in bile or pancreatic juice
