LO5 Flashcards
what are the components of the kidney
cortex
medulla
renal artery
renal vein
calyx
ureters
bladder
urethra
what is the function of the cortex
it is the outer layer of the kidney
what is the function of the medulla
the inner region that contains thousands of nephrons
what is the function of the renal artery
supplies the kidneys with blood
what is the function of the renal vein
carries the blood filtered by the kidneys
what is the function of the calyx
chambers through which urine passes
what is the function of the ureters
tubes that carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder
what is the function of the bladder
stores urine
what is the function of the urethra
urine passes out of the body through this
what are the two main functions of the kidney
-removal of urea
-maintenance of the balance of the water levels (osmoregulation)
how do the kidneys carry osmoregulation
controlling the water concentration in the blood plasma
what do the kidneys control not including water
salt levels and excretion of urea
what is ultrafiltration
metabolic waste is separated from the blood and urine is formed
occurs in the glomerular capsule in the nephron
what happens after filtration in the kidneys
kidneys selectively reabsorb molecules that the body needs
happens in the proximal and distal tubules and the water is reabsorbed in the loop of henle
what are the components of the nervous system
central nervous system
spinal cord
autonomic system
sensory and motor neurons (somatic system)
peripheral nervous system
what is the structure and function of the cerebral cortex
wrinkly, outermost layer of the brain, responsible for thinking and processing of the sensory information of the body. there are four lobes, each responsible for processing different types of information. it is made of tightly packed neuron.
what is the structure and function of the cerebellum
positioned at the back of the skull, co-ordination and regulation muscle activity. involved in the control of muscle to maintain balance
what is the structure and function of the frontal lobe
carry out higher level mental process such s thinking.
what is the structure and function of the corpus callosum
bridge of nerve tissue that connects two halves of the brain and enables communication between the 2.
what is the structure and function of the hypothalamus
responsible for the maintenance of body temperature. regulates appetite and thirst
what is the structure and function of the medulla
automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing ect
what is the structure and function of the meninges
three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. provide barrier to infection
what are the components of the neuron
neuron
axon
dendron
myelin sheath
structure and function of the neuron
specialized nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
structure and function of the axon
long thread like part of the nerve cells along which impulses are conducted
structure and function of the dendron
short, branched structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body. 1000 per neuron
structure and function of the myelin sheath
fatty white substance that surrounds the axon. forms a protective, insulating layer and enables electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
what does the synapse consist of
pre synaptic membrane
post synaptic membrane
synaptic gap or cleft
how is information transferred between neurons
- electrical impulse travels along the axon
-triggers the nerve-ending of a neuron to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
-these chemicals diffuse across the synapse and transmit signals
-they bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neuron
name all the glands in the endocrine system
pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
testis
ovaries
pancreas
function of the pancreas
near the stomach and produces insulin
insulin controls glucose levels in the body
function of the pituitary
base of the brain
‘master gland’ regulates all the other endocrine glands
function of the adrenal glands
two of them, one at the top of each kidney
produce adrenaline ‘fight or flight’ hormone
released in the bloodstream in response to threat
function of the thyroid
located in the lower part of the neck
produces thyroxine
this affects growth and metabolism
function of the reproductive glands
sex hormones
testosterone in males effects male characteristics such as sexual development, growth of facial hair and changes at puberty as well as sperm production
the ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. control breast growth and reproductive functions such as menstruations and pregnancy
what is deamination
occurs in the liver during protein metabolism
results in the production on ammonia
what is detoxification
the liver converts ammonia produced by deamination into urea
urea is transported in the blood and removed by the kidney in the urine
liver breaks down alcohol removing it from the blood
breaks down drugs
how is bile produced
as the result of the break down of red blood cells
stored in the gall bladder util needed
emulsifies fats during digestion
what is homeostasis
maintenance of a constant internal environment
what is a negative feed back loop
if the level of something rises, control systems reduce it
if the level of something falls, control systems raise it
how do negative feedback mechanisms work
conditions in the body change from a set point-> change detected-> corrective mechanisms activated-> conditions returned to a set point-> corrective mechanisms=>
symptoms and effects of a stroke
Face may have dropped on one side
may not be able to lift both arms and keep them there
persons speech may be slurred or garbled
other symptoms might be
dizziness, confusion, problem with balance, difficulty swallowing or sudden extreme headache
biological explanation of a stroke
isachaemic- blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. clots form in narrow arteries blocked by fatty deposits
haemorrhagic- also known as cerebral haemoraghes. occur when a blood vessel in the skull bursts and bleed into or around th brain
causes of a stroke
haemorrhagic- high blood pressure and risk factors are CHD and stress
lifestyle factors such as smoking, a high fat diet, high sugar diet, excess alcohol and obesity, being over 65 are risk factor
monitoring, treatment and care needs for a stroke
medication
alteplase- dissolves blood clots
aspirin- antiplatelet
warfarin- anticoagulent
medication to treat high blood pressure
statins if cholesterol is too high
surgery
-thrombectomy removes blood clots and restores blood flow to the brain
-surgical stents
supportive treatments
-feeding tube if trouble swallowing
-mobility aids
-physiotherapy
symptoms and effects of multiple sclerosis
fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness and tingling in different parts of the body, muscle stiffness and spasms. problems with balance and co-ordination and in controlling the bladder. blurred vision and problems with thinking, learning and planning
biological explanation of multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease. attacks the myelin sheath to become inflamed which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves.
when the inflammation clears scarring is left behind- this can lead to permanent damage in the underlying nerves.
causes of multiple sclerosis
thought to be caused partly by genes and partly by outside factors. though not directly inherited it is estimated there is a 2-3 percent chance of developing it if you are related to someone who has MS
people who smoke are about twice as likely to get the condition
viral infections- particularly those caused by the epstein-barr virus might trigger the immune system and cause MS
low vitamin D levels might cause it
monitoring treatment and care needs for multiple sclerosis
the disease progresses with phases of severe symptoms and periods of remission. many individuals will continue to lead a normal life for years while others may be in a wheelchair.
no cure so the need is to treat symptoms
steroid medication helps relapses
individual supported by a special MS team and a physiotherapist, language therapist act
symptoms and effects of type 1 and 2 diabetes
feeling very thirsty, feeling very tired, ruining more often, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, cuts and bruises that heal slowly, frequent episodes of thrush.
longterm vision loss can occur, blindness, kidney failure and lower limb amputation
biological explanation of type 1 and 2 diabetes
insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. insulin controls the bodies glucose levels by moving glucose from the blood to the cells where it is converted into energy.
type 1 diabetes is autoimmune- it occurs when the bodies immune system attacks the insulin producing cells
type 2 diabetes occurs when the bodies production of insulin is insufficient to control glucose levels
this means the glucose stays in the blood and no energy is produced. untreated this causes organ damage
possible causes of diabetes type 1 and 2
being overweight or obese is a risk factor
having a relative with diabetes is also a risk factor- the closer the relative the greater the risk
type 2 diabetes increases with age
monitoring treatment and care needs fir type 1 and 2 diabetes
have to monitor their glucose levels which frequent blood tests and have diabetic eye screening for diabetic retinopathy
insulin is required multiple times a day in type 1and sometimes type 2
healthy eating and exercise can help especially type 2
symptoms and effects of nephrotic syndrome
swelling of the body tissues
high levels of urine being passed
greater chance of catching infection due to the loss of protein antibodies
blood clots
biological explanation of nephrotic syndrome
the kidneys don’t work properly causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine. loss of protein through the kidneys is due to an increase in permeability of the filtering membrane of the kidney (glomerulus) due to kidney disease (glomerulonephritis). this leads to protein levels to be low in the blood (hypoalubuminemia) which causes water to be drawn into the soft tissue.
causes of nephrotic syndrome
result of kidney damage from another condition or infections such as HIV. it can also occur as a result of certain cancers.
congenital nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by an inherited faulty gene
monitoring treatment and care needs of nephrotic syndrome
first diagnosed in children aged 2-5. main treatment is steroids but additional treatments are used is the side effects are too strong.
blood tests and biopsies are sometimes used to examine the kidney tissue under a microscope.diuretic tablets which increase the amount of urine produced help reduce the build up of fluid and reducing salt in the diet helps prevent water retention. vaccinations prevent infection
urine needs to be monitored daily with a dipstick
sometimes surgery to remove both kidneys is recommend
so dialysis is needed
symptoms and effects of cirrhosis
nausea, weight loss, vomiting blood, loss of appetite , swelling of limbs very itchy skin, confusion and memory problems
biological explanation
alcohol related liver disease- scarring of the liver caused by continuous and long term liver damage. scar tissue replaces the healthy tissue and prevents the liver working properly
haemochromatosis- faulty gene that allows the body to absorb extra amounts of iron from food. the iron builds up and is usually deposited in the liver, pancreas joints, heart or endocrine system
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fat in the liver cells. the liver can become inflamed leaving scar tissue over time around the tissue and near by blood vessels
causes of cirrhosis
alcohol misuse- regularly drinking large amounts in a short time or drinking more than the recommend amount over many years
long term infection with hepatitis C
obesity
monitoring treatment and cause of cirrhosis
no cure for cirrhosis but can manage symptoms and slo progression
stop drinking alcohol, aim for a healthy weight
transplant
impacts on lifestyle and care needs of control and regulatory systems
-side effects of medication
-regular check ups
-waiting for/ recovery from surgery
-healthy eating and diet changes
-housebound if lack of mobility
-loss of independence
-problems with walking and driving
-feeling tired, angry and stressed
- emotional and social effects
