LO2 and LO3 Flashcards
respiratory system and digestive system
name the parts of the respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pleural membrane
what is the larynx
connects the back of the nose to the trachea, forming an air passage to the lungs
what are the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
trachea is the windpipe and starts at the back of the throat, it then splits off into two bronchi and they continue to divide into bronchioles.
what are the alveoli
at the end of the bronchioles there are sacs in bunches called alveoli. a single one is called an alveolus. each alveolus is surrounded by a cappillary
what is the diaphragm
a muscle anchored to the lower ribs that separates the chest from the abdomen.
what are the intercostal muscles
muscles found in between the ribs
what are the pleural membranes
cover the outside of the lungs and line the chest wall
what is the role of the pleural membranes
two layers of thin membrane that sre slippery and have a film of liquid between the two layers. lubricates the surface so that the lungs can move easily within the chest cavity
what is the role of the respiratory system
deliver oxygen to the body by breathing in and get rid of waste products- co2 by breathing out
what is the role of the diapphragm and the intercostal muscles in inspration
the intercostal muscles pull the ribcage upwards and outwards and the diaphagm flatterns inwards. the result of these two movements is an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure which forces air into the lungs so they inflate
what is the role of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles in expiration
the diaphragm lifts back into a dome shape and the intercostal muscles pull the ribcage inwards and downwards. these two movements force carbon dioxide out of the lungs and they deflate
what is gaseous exchange
involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli
what is the role and structure of the alveoli walls
-very thin, one cell thick so there is a short diffusion distance
-surrounded by capillaries so exchange can happen at all points
-structure is bunches which increses the surface area
what is the respiratory process
- inspiration
- exchange of gases from lungs to blood
3.transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
4.exchange of gases from blood into the tissues
5.metabolism
6.expiration
what is atp
adenosine triphosphate
what is anaerobic respiration
doesn’t need oxygen
happens if o2 isnt available
glucose—>(2atp) pyruvate—->lactate (when o2 becomes available lactate becomes pyruvate)
glycolysis is the process that takes place in cell cytoplasm and breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of 2 atp molecules. pyruvate can be used in either anaerobic respiration if no o2 is available or in aerobic respiration via a cycle of chemical reactions that yields much more usable energy for the cell
what is aerobic respiration
oxygen and glucose required
waste is co2 and water but creates energy
glucose + o2—>(32 atp) co2 + water
glucose is broken down into water and co2 and the energy that was holding the bonds together is released
how does pyruvic acid help the body in respiration
supplies energy to the cells thriugh the citric acid cycle ( krebs cycle) when o2 is present (aerobic) when o2 is lacking it ferments to produce lactic acid
the lactic acid needs to be oxidised later to make co2 and water to prevent it building up. if o2 isn’t available then cells die because lactic acid is toxic
what is pyruvate
a molecule that is involved in energy generation, it can be either converted into lactate under anaerobic conditions or broken down into water and co2 in the presence of o2 thus generating large amounts of atp
symptoms and effects of asthma
- recurring episodes of breathlessness, tightness of the chest and wheezing
-asthma attacks- episodes of wheezing that require the use of an inhaler
what are the three respiratory malfunction
asthma emphysema cystic fibrosis
what is the cause and risk factors of asthma
- exact cause is not known and likely to be a combination of factors
-may be genetic- often runs in families - people who have allergies are at a higher risk
- exposure to tobacco smoke as a child
- dust, air pollution and chemicals
-exposure to smoking in the womb
-being born prematurely - modern hygiene standards, ‘too hygienic’ dont build up resistance
what is the biological explanation of asthma
- inflammation of the bronchi, which carry air in and out of the lungs, causing the bronchi to be more inflamed than normal
- contact with allergens, something that irritates the lungs- known as a trigger- makes the airway become more narrow and the muscle tighten and there is an increase of the production of sticky mucus
what is emphysema
also known as COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
what are the symptoms and effects of emphysema
-shortness of breath
- wheezing
-yellow sputum
-persistent cough
-frequent chest infections
-symptoms getting worse over time
what is the biological explanation of emphysema
-the airways of the lungs become inflamed and narrow. As the air sacs get permanently damaged it becomes increasingly harder to breathe
-no cure for COPD but the sooner the condition is diagnosed and appropriate treatment given, the less chance there is of serious damage