LO2 and LO3 Flashcards
respiratory system and digestive system
name the parts of the respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pleural membrane
what is the larynx
connects the back of the nose to the trachea, forming an air passage to the lungs
what are the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
trachea is the windpipe and starts at the back of the throat, it then splits off into two bronchi and they continue to divide into bronchioles.
what are the alveoli
at the end of the bronchioles there are sacs in bunches called alveoli. a single one is called an alveolus. each alveolus is surrounded by a cappillary
what is the diaphragm
a muscle anchored to the lower ribs that separates the chest from the abdomen.
what are the intercostal muscles
muscles found in between the ribs
what are the pleural membranes
cover the outside of the lungs and line the chest wall
what is the role of the pleural membranes
two layers of thin membrane that sre slippery and have a film of liquid between the two layers. lubricates the surface so that the lungs can move easily within the chest cavity
what is the role of the respiratory system
deliver oxygen to the body by breathing in and get rid of waste products- co2 by breathing out
what is the role of the diapphragm and the intercostal muscles in inspration
the intercostal muscles pull the ribcage upwards and outwards and the diaphagm flatterns inwards. the result of these two movements is an increase in volume and a decrease in pressure which forces air into the lungs so they inflate
what is the role of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles in expiration
the diaphragm lifts back into a dome shape and the intercostal muscles pull the ribcage inwards and downwards. these two movements force carbon dioxide out of the lungs and they deflate
what is gaseous exchange
involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveoli
what is the role and structure of the alveoli walls
-very thin, one cell thick so there is a short diffusion distance
-surrounded by capillaries so exchange can happen at all points
-structure is bunches which increses the surface area
what is the respiratory process
- inspiration
- exchange of gases from lungs to blood
3.transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
4.exchange of gases from blood into the tissues
5.metabolism
6.expiration
what is atp
adenosine triphosphate
what is anaerobic respiration
doesn’t need oxygen
happens if o2 isnt available
glucose—>(2atp) pyruvate—->lactate (when o2 becomes available lactate becomes pyruvate)
glycolysis is the process that takes place in cell cytoplasm and breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of 2 atp molecules. pyruvate can be used in either anaerobic respiration if no o2 is available or in aerobic respiration via a cycle of chemical reactions that yields much more usable energy for the cell
what is aerobic respiration
oxygen and glucose required
waste is co2 and water but creates energy
glucose + o2—>(32 atp) co2 + water
glucose is broken down into water and co2 and the energy that was holding the bonds together is released
how does pyruvic acid help the body in respiration
supplies energy to the cells thriugh the citric acid cycle ( krebs cycle) when o2 is present (aerobic) when o2 is lacking it ferments to produce lactic acid
the lactic acid needs to be oxidised later to make co2 and water to prevent it building up. if o2 isn’t available then cells die because lactic acid is toxic
what is pyruvate
a molecule that is involved in energy generation, it can be either converted into lactate under anaerobic conditions or broken down into water and co2 in the presence of o2 thus generating large amounts of atp
symptoms and effects of asthma
- recurring episodes of breathlessness, tightness of the chest and wheezing
-asthma attacks- episodes of wheezing that require the use of an inhaler
what are the three respiratory malfunction
asthma emphysema cystic fibrosis
what is the cause and risk factors of asthma
- exact cause is not known and likely to be a combination of factors
-may be genetic- often runs in families - people who have allergies are at a higher risk
- exposure to tobacco smoke as a child
- dust, air pollution and chemicals
-exposure to smoking in the womb
-being born prematurely - modern hygiene standards, ‘too hygienic’ dont build up resistance
what is the biological explanation of asthma
- inflammation of the bronchi, which carry air in and out of the lungs, causing the bronchi to be more inflamed than normal
- contact with allergens, something that irritates the lungs- known as a trigger- makes the airway become more narrow and the muscle tighten and there is an increase of the production of sticky mucus
what is emphysema
also known as COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
what are the symptoms and effects of emphysema
-shortness of breath
- wheezing
-yellow sputum
-persistent cough
-frequent chest infections
-symptoms getting worse over time
what is the biological explanation of emphysema
-the airways of the lungs become inflamed and narrow. As the air sacs get permanently damaged it becomes increasingly harder to breathe
-no cure for COPD but the sooner the condition is diagnosed and appropriate treatment given, the less chance there is of serious damage
what is the cause of emphysema
- smoking is the main cause and is thought to be the cause for 90% of cases
-some cases are caused by fumes and chemical exposure - genetic tendency is are but does happen
symptoms and effects of cystic fibrosis
-lung problems, recurring chest infections, persistent inflammation of the airways, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
-digestive system, diarrhea and malnutrition
- serious bowel obstruction
whats the biological explanation for cystic fibrosis
- the condition is present at birth due to a defect in the gene on chromosome 7 that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of the cells. the protein that is produced by the gene causes mucus secreting cells to make a very sticky type of mucus instead of the normal runny type. This, along with recurring infection, results in a build up of the mucus in the lungs and digestive system
-there is no cure and over the years the lungs become increasingly more damaged and will eventually stop working properly. life expectancy is reduced.
what is the cause of cystic fibrosis
- both parents will have a copy of the faulty gene.
what is used to check, monitor and diagnose respiratory malfunctions
-spirometry- test carried out to measure the breathing capacity of the lungs. It measures the volume of the air expired and the force in the first second of expiration. used to diagnose and monitor. Clip on nose and blow into a mouthpiece. repeated at least 3 times and the test lasts around 30-90 minutes
-mri and ct- these scans provide high resolution detailed images of the chest and can be repeated over time to monitor changes in the condition.
-peak flow meters- used to measure the rate of exhalation.
-physiotherapy-help restore or improve movement, mobility and function if the body. exercises manipulation and massage techniques.
-inhalers - for asthma- preventative inhalers are blue and are used regularly to reduce inflammation, reliver inhlaers are brown or red and are for immediate relief. nebulisers for drugs to get deeper and spacer to get deeper.
-medication- antibiotics to treat infection, steroids relieve symptoms and anti-inflammatory to stop swelling.
-identification and triggers- tests for allergies and de-sensitisation treatments
-oxygen therapy- mainly for COPD- pulmonary rehab- excerice and education programme, ambulatory oxygen therapy- use of portable oxygen, long term oxygen therapy- use of an o2 tank at home for 16 hours a day
-surgery
lifestyle changes for respiratory malfunctions
-give up smoking
-change diet
-excercise more
-move to one story house
-avoid pollution and irritants
-use o2 cylinder
-emotional and social impacts of not being able to do day to day tasks
-regular check ups
-vaccinations
-dietry supplements
-lack of energy
-install chair lift
-need wheelchair
-home help
parts of the digestive system
buccal cavity, salivary glands, epiglottis, oesphagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
what is the buccal cavity
where we put food in , the mouth area
what is the salivary glands
produce saliva
what is the epiglottis
the flap of cartilage behind the tongue which covers the opening of the windpipe when swallowing food
what is the esophagus
a muscular tube that connects the troat with the stomach. peristalsis squeezes the food down
what is the stomach
the sac with muscular walls that churns food to break it up. it produces hyaluronic acid and enzymes to digest the food
what is the small intestine
called the duodenum
here the food is partially digested. now called chyme. it is chemically altered by fluids from the liver and bile from the pancreas. duodenum is lined with villi.
what is the large intestine
colon
reabsorbs fluids and processes products in preparation for elimination of the body
what is the rectum
last part of the colon and links to the anus
what is the anus
opening of the body
anal sphincter controls the opening and closing
what is mechanical digestion
when food is physically broken down
eg
chewing
the stomach churning
what is chemical digestion
when nutrients is broken down by enzymes into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the blood and used by cells
eg
in the buccal cavity food is dissolved by saliva
the stomach mixing food with enzymes and hylauronic acid.
what is the digestive process
-ingestion- food is taken into the body by the mouth
-digestion- physical and chemical breakdown of the food
-absorption- food passes through the intestine walls into the bloodstream
-elimination- the undigested waste is removed from the body.
what is the digestive role of the pancreatic juice
-the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine in pancreatic juice
-the pancreatic juices that are released into the duodenum help the body to digest fats
-the pancreatic juices are released into a system of ducts that culminate in the main pancreatic duct
what is the digestive role of bile
-bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver
-it helps the body absorb fat into the blood stream
-it is stored in the gall bladder until the body needs it digest fats
-it enters the small intestine through the bile ducts
-bile emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
what are the adaptations of the of the intestine wall
- villi- increases the surface area
- contain blood vessels and lacteals
-products of fat digestion enter by lacteals
-nutrients enter by diffusion
-everything enters the blood
whats the role of liver in assimilation
assimilation is the movement of digested food into the cells of the body
excess glucose in the blood reaching the liver is converted to glycogen to be stored or broken down by respiration
the liver is where toxins are broken down
what are the three digestive malfunctions
ibs
coeliac disease
gall stones
what are the symptoms of ibs
-stomach pain and cramping
-changes in bowel habits
-bloating and swelling of the stomach
-excessive wind
-sudden need to go to the toilet
-feeling that the bowel isn’t fully empty
-mucus passing
biological explanation of ibs
-food moves through the digestive system wither too slowly or too quickly. if the food moves too quickly not enough water is absorbed so it creates diarrhea but if its too slow too much water is absorbed so constipation happens
- also thought there could be problems with the absorption of bile
what are the causes of ibs
-linked to an increase of sensitivity in the gut
-linked to digestive problems
-symptoms are triggered by something
symptoms of coeliac disease
-indigestion
-stomach pain
-bloating
-flatulence
-loss of appetite
-feeling tired all the time because of malnutrition
-children not growing at the expected rate and adults experiencing weight loss
biological explanation if coeliac disease
-autoimmune condition- the immune system mistakes the body as a threat and attacks it. the immune system mistake gliadin (found in gluten) as a threat so attacks it. This causes damage to the villi- they are flatterened and the intestine becomes inflammed
causes of coeliac disease
-often runs in families
-strongly associated with genetic mutations which affect the HLA-DQ genes that are responsible for the development of the immune system and that environmental factors trigger people
-introducing gluten into a babies diet before six months can be a trigger
symptoms of gall stones
-abdominal pain
-excessive sweating
-feeling sick
-jaundice
-itchy skin
-loss of appetite
biological explanation of gallstones
-unusually high levels of cholesterol inside the gallbladder
-unusually high levels of bilirubin in the gallbladder
-these chemical imbalances cause crystals to form and they will gradually grow into solid stones
whats the cause of gallstones
- thought to be caused by an imbalance of the chemical makeup of bile in the gallbladder
-more common if the individual is obese, is aged over 40 years
-has a conditions that affects the flow of bile or has a close family member who has gallstones
how to monitor and treat digestive malfunction
-ultrasound- can be used to examine the abdomen. gel is used on the skin
-gastroscopy- using an endoscope
cholangiography- for gallbladder uses dye in the bile ducts
treatment for ibs
cut down on high fibre food
avoid sweetner
avoid foods that are hard to digest #
1 table spoon of linseeds
treatment for coeliac disease
-give up all foods containing gluten
-vaccination
-vitamin and mineral supplements to help correct any dietry deficencies
treatment for gallstones
depends on how symptoms effect the individuals
-‘active monitoring’ for someone who doesn’t have any symptoms
-keyhole surgery to remove gallbladder
-medication- to dissolve gallstones
-lithotripsy- electric shocks shatter the gallstones using an endoscope with a camera
impact that ibs has on diet and lifestyle
- abdominal pain and discomfort may stop the individual from sleeping leading to tiredness and frustration
-the need to go to the toilet may restrict them going out
-flatulence may be embarrassing and reduce confidence when socializing with others - can restrict diet and make going out to eat harder and causing more anxiety. embarrassed that they can’t eat or drink the same as their friends
-coffee and fizzy drinks can cause irritation
-may need to avoid stressful situations which could be hard
-keep a food diary
-take regular exercise to relive stress and increase feelings of well being
impact of coeliac disease on diet and lifestyle
-remove gluten from the diet
-take supplements to regrow villi
-read food labels carefully- flour used a s thickening agent
-take care when eating out- look out for gluten free products
- take care when eating at friends and families households
-avoid using oil that’s has been used to fry gluten as there may be traces
