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health and social > LO4 > Flashcards

LO4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 types of joint

A

ball and socket
pivot
hinge
sliding/ gliding
fixed

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2
Q

example of a ball and socket joint

A

hip and shoulder

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3
Q

examples of a pivot joint

A

neck

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4
Q

example of a hinge joint

A

elbow and knee

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5
Q

example of a sliding/gliding joint

A

wrist and ankle

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6
Q

example of a fixed joint

A

cranium and pelvis

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7
Q

what are the components of a synovial joint

A

muscle
bone
ligament
tendon
cartilage
synovial capsule
synovial fluid

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8
Q

whats the function of a muscle

A

necessary for movement, it contracts and relaxes to move the joint

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9
Q

whats the function of a bone

A

provides the frame work and support for the attachment of muscle and other tissues

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10
Q

whats the function if a ligament

A

attaches one bone to another bone

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11
Q

whats the function of a tendon

A

attaches muscle to the bone

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12
Q

whats the function of cartilage

A

reduces friction and absorbs shock in the joint, allowing the joint to move smoothly

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13
Q

whats the function if the synovial capsule

A

secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability

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14
Q

whats the function of synovial fluid

A

lubricates and nourishes the joint

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15
Q

Explain the muscle action around the joints

A

-muscles work in pairs to bring about opposite action
-they only ‘pull’ when they contract
-antagonistic muscle pairs create movement when one of them contracts and the other relaxes
-when muscles contract it is the tendon that pulls the bone

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16
Q

symptoms of osteoporosis

A

no obvious symptoms until there is a minor fall or sudden impact causing a fracture
most common fracture is that of the wrist, hip and vertebrae
in some cases a cough or sneeze can cause a rib fracture or partial collapse of the vertebrae which can lead to a curvature of the spine and loss of height

17
Q

whats the biological explanation for osteoporosis

A

due to a loss of the protein matrix from the bone resulting in a loss of the bone density- this weakens the bones so they become brittle
bones naturally become thinner with age, particular;y in women who suffer from menopause- this is because the hormone oestrogen decreases rapidly during menopause

18
Q

what is the cause of menopause

A

-losing bone due to aging is normal but sometimes it can lead to osteoperosis
-risk factors are: family history, heavy drinking or smoking, having an eating disorder, long term use of certain medications
-other conditions can increase the risk- crohns coeliac COPD
-women have a greater risk if they have early menopause , hysterectomy, or absent periods due to over exercising or dieting
-lifestyle factors such as diet or exercise can determine how healthy the bones are

19
Q

what are the two types of arthritis

A

rheumatoid and osteoarthritis

20
Q

what are the symptoms of osteoarthritis

A

joints become painful and stiff
joint tenderness and increased pain if joint hasn’t moved in a while
cracking noise or grating sensation
limited movement
joints appear knobbly

21
Q

what is the biological explanation of osteoarthritis

A

-general wear and tear of the joints means cartilage may be lost and boney growths develop and become inflamed
cartilage is firm and rubbery- it covers the end of joints and reduces friction allowing the joints to move smoothly
with osteoarthritis the joints become stiff, lose elasticity and may wear and tear over time.
as cartilage deteriorates tendons and ligaments stretch and bones can rub against each other causing pain

22
Q

what are the causes of osteoarthritis

A

sometimes called wear and tear arthritis
not a normal part of aging but risk does increase as the person gets older
can run in families
being overweight or obese is a risk factor
develop in joints injured by an injury or operation

23
Q

what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

vary from person to person
throbbing pain, aches, stiff joints
joints swell or become tender or hot to touch
firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules can also develop under the skin and around the joints

24
Q

what is the biological explanation of rheumatoid arthritis

A

the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells that line the joints
the synovial membrane that lines and lubricates the joint becomes inflamed and sore
the inflammation gradually destroys the cartilage
scar tissue replaces the cartilage and the joint becomes misshapen and rigid

25
Q

what is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis

A

exact cause is not known
one theory is that a virus triggers the condition and causes an autoimmune response which is when the body attacks its own cells by sending antibodies to the joint
evidence that smoking increases the risk also by hormones- more common in women
evidence it could be inherited but risk is thought to be low

26
Q

treatment monitoring and care of arthritis

A

medication
-steroids, NSAIDS ( non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) to reduced swelling and inflammation
-painkillers eg paracetamol
-corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling
supplements such as glucosamine and chondrotinin to alleviate symptoms

physiotherapy and exercise
- joint manipulation strengthens muscles
-assistance equipment eg walking stick
-use of TENS that gives an electrical impulse

surgery
-arthroscopy to clean debris off joint
-arthroplasty - joint replacement
-osteotomy where the bone is cut and realigned

27
Q

treatment monitoring and care for osteoporosis

A

monitoring
-bone density scans DEXA
-blood tests
-fracture of unusual bones

treatments
-calcium and vitamin d supplements
-carrying out load bearing excercises
-taking HRT
-taking biophosphates- slow the rate at which bone is broken down
-bone strengthening medication
-physiotherapy
-TENS

28
Q

impacts on lifestyle due to musculoskeletal malfunctions

A

-medication might have side effects
-attending regular check ups
-diet changes
-regular excercise
-taking care to avoid fractures
-loss of height
-coping with pain
-immobile/ housebound
-use of wheel chair/ walking aids
-recovery from surgery
-home adaptations
-make every day cativities hard

health and social (6 decks)

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