LO4 Flashcards
what are the 5 types of joint
ball and socket
pivot
hinge
sliding/ gliding
fixed
example of a ball and socket joint
hip and shoulder
examples of a pivot joint
neck
example of a hinge joint
elbow and knee
example of a sliding/gliding joint
wrist and ankle
example of a fixed joint
cranium and pelvis
what are the components of a synovial joint
muscle
bone
ligament
tendon
cartilage
synovial capsule
synovial fluid
whats the function of a muscle
necessary for movement, it contracts and relaxes to move the joint
whats the function of a bone
provides the frame work and support for the attachment of muscle and other tissues
whats the function if a ligament
attaches one bone to another bone
whats the function of a tendon
attaches muscle to the bone
whats the function of cartilage
reduces friction and absorbs shock in the joint, allowing the joint to move smoothly
whats the function if the synovial capsule
secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability
whats the function of synovial fluid
lubricates and nourishes the joint
Explain the muscle action around the joints
-muscles work in pairs to bring about opposite action
-they only ‘pull’ when they contract
-antagonistic muscle pairs create movement when one of them contracts and the other relaxes
-when muscles contract it is the tendon that pulls the bone
symptoms of osteoporosis
no obvious symptoms until there is a minor fall or sudden impact causing a fracture
most common fracture is that of the wrist, hip and vertebrae
in some cases a cough or sneeze can cause a rib fracture or partial collapse of the vertebrae which can lead to a curvature of the spine and loss of height
whats the biological explanation for osteoporosis
due to a loss of the protein matrix from the bone resulting in a loss of the bone density- this weakens the bones so they become brittle
bones naturally become thinner with age, particular;y in women who suffer from menopause- this is because the hormone oestrogen decreases rapidly during menopause
what is the cause of menopause
-losing bone due to aging is normal but sometimes it can lead to osteoperosis
-risk factors are: family history, heavy drinking or smoking, having an eating disorder, long term use of certain medications
-other conditions can increase the risk- crohns coeliac COPD
-women have a greater risk if they have early menopause , hysterectomy, or absent periods due to over exercising or dieting
-lifestyle factors such as diet or exercise can determine how healthy the bones are
what are the two types of arthritis
rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
what are the symptoms of osteoarthritis
joints become painful and stiff
joint tenderness and increased pain if joint hasn’t moved in a while
cracking noise or grating sensation
limited movement
joints appear knobbly
what is the biological explanation of osteoarthritis
-general wear and tear of the joints means cartilage may be lost and boney growths develop and become inflamed
cartilage is firm and rubbery- it covers the end of joints and reduces friction allowing the joints to move smoothly
with osteoarthritis the joints become stiff, lose elasticity and may wear and tear over time.
as cartilage deteriorates tendons and ligaments stretch and bones can rub against each other causing pain
what are the causes of osteoarthritis
sometimes called wear and tear arthritis
not a normal part of aging but risk does increase as the person gets older
can run in families
being overweight or obese is a risk factor
develop in joints injured by an injury or operation
what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
vary from person to person
throbbing pain, aches, stiff joints
joints swell or become tender or hot to touch
firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules can also develop under the skin and around the joints
what is the biological explanation of rheumatoid arthritis
the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells that line the joints
the synovial membrane that lines and lubricates the joint becomes inflamed and sore
the inflammation gradually destroys the cartilage
scar tissue replaces the cartilage and the joint becomes misshapen and rigid
what is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis
exact cause is not known
one theory is that a virus triggers the condition and causes an autoimmune response which is when the body attacks its own cells by sending antibodies to the joint
evidence that smoking increases the risk also by hormones- more common in women
evidence it could be inherited but risk is thought to be low
treatment monitoring and care of arthritis
medication
-steroids, NSAIDS ( non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) to reduced swelling and inflammation
-painkillers eg paracetamol
-corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling
supplements such as glucosamine and chondrotinin to alleviate symptoms
physiotherapy and exercise
- joint manipulation strengthens muscles
-assistance equipment eg walking stick
-use of TENS that gives an electrical impulse
surgery
-arthroscopy to clean debris off joint
-arthroplasty - joint replacement
-osteotomy where the bone is cut and realigned
treatment monitoring and care for osteoporosis
monitoring
-bone density scans DEXA
-blood tests
-fracture of unusual bones
treatments
-calcium and vitamin d supplements
-carrying out load bearing excercises
-taking HRT
-taking biophosphates- slow the rate at which bone is broken down
-bone strengthening medication
-physiotherapy
-TENS
impacts on lifestyle due to musculoskeletal malfunctions
-medication might have side effects
-attending regular check ups
-diet changes
-regular excercise
-taking care to avoid fractures
-loss of height
-coping with pain
-immobile/ housebound
-use of wheel chair/ walking aids
-recovery from surgery
-home adaptations
-make every day cativities hard
