key terms Flashcards
absorption
the process through which digested food is absorbed in the small intestines and into the blood stream
adrenal glands
two organs that are located at the top of the kidneys and that produce hormones
split into the outer part called the cortex and the inner part called the medulla.
cortex produces essential hormones and the medulla produces non essential hormones like adrenaline
aerobic respiration
releasing energy for cells from glucose and requires oxygen
alveoli
located in the lungs and consist of tiny air sacs through which oxygen from the air gets into the blood and waste carbon dioxide from the blood is removed out into the air
AMD
age-related macular degeneration
eye condition that affects the back part of the eye called the macular
the exact cause is unknown and it affects your central visionon and may reduce the ability to see small detail
ampullae
widened parts located within the semi-lunar canals of the ear. tiny hairs are contained within ampullae that help the brain to detect any head motion, maintain balance
anaerobic respiration
process involves releasing energy for cells from glucose and it doesnt require oxygen
aorta
the largest artery in the body. carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
arteries
transport oxygen rich blood from the heart
arthritis
condition causes inflammation and pain in the joints
affects both adults and children
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common types
assimilation
process which digested and absorbed food molecules are taken by and used by cells in the body.
asthma
condition that causes shortness of breath and coughing
affects both adults and children
caused by inflammation of the bronchi tubes located within the lungs that carry air in and out of the lungs
common triggers include pollen and animal fur
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
form of energy required by cells for the respiration process
atria
two upper chambers of the heart
right atrium receives blood into the heart from the veins that transport blood low in oxygen and left atrium receives blood that is high in oxygen
auditory nerve
located in the inner ear and is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the middle ear to the brain
autonomic system
a part of the nervous system that control involuntary actions such as your heart rate and body temperature
axon
part of the nerve cells that take information away from the cell body
bicuspid valve
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. enables blood to flow one way and from left atrium to the left ventricle
bile
fluid that is made and released by the liver to help the breakdown of fats and digesting food
bile is released into the small intestine and what remains is stored in the gall bladder
bile duct
transports bile from the liver and the gall bladder to the small intestine
bladder
part of the urinary system
muscle that stores urine that has been excreted by the kidneys
bronchi
left and right bronchi carry air into the lungs
when breathing the air first travels from the mouth or nose through to the larynx and then the trachea which then carries the air in to the bronchi
bronchioles
bronchi then branch out into much smaller passages of air to the lungs called bronchioles. at the end of these, there are tiny air sacs called alveoli
buccal cavity
the mouth
capillaries
very small thin blood vessels that allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through their walls
carbon dioxide
collects in the tissues and is removed from the body
cardiovascular system
circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, and blood
2 circuits called the pulmonary and the systemic circuits
blood travels through the pulmonary circuit to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart
oxygenated blood then travels through the systemic circuit around the body and then it carries de-oxygenated blood back to the heart.
cartilage
strong, flexible connective tissue found in so many areas of the body such as joints between bones and between the vertebrae in the spine
cataracts
eye condition that consists in most older adults although children can develop cataracts before or just after birth.
the lens in the eye and becomes less transparent making it more difficult to see clearly
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
other part is called the peripheral nervous system
CNS controls the main functions of the of the body.
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebellum
responsible for thought, perception and memory processing
cerebellum
located towards the back of the brain, just above the brain stem
responsible for motor skills such as movement, posture and balance
ciliary muscle
located in the eyes middle layer that enables the lens to change shape to focus and near and distant objects
cirrhosis
long term damage to the that leads to scarring known as fibrosis and the development of irregular nodules
cochlea
inner part of the ear that contains the organs of corti which is the receptor organ for hearing
coeliac disease
intolerance of the immune system to gluten
conjunctiva
thin membrane that covers the outer layer of the eye and the inside of the eyelids
cornea
the eyes outer layer that covers the front of the eye
coronary artery
the blood vessel that delivers oxygenated blood to the heart
corpus callosum
brain is divided into the left and right hemisphere they are connected by the nerve tissue called the corpus callosum
cortex
outer region of the kidney
cystic fibrosis
genetic condition that causes the lungs and digestive system to become clogged with mucus this causes difficulty with breathing and digesting food
deamination
involves the removal of the amino group from a compound, primarily occurs in the liver
dendron
dendron receive and bring information to the cell body
detoxification
removal of toxins from the human body
diabetes
life long condition caused by the amount of glucose in the blood becoming too high because the pancreas is not producing the insulin that is needed.
type 1 when no isulin is produced and type 2 when insulin is produced but it is not efficient
dialysis
treatment used when kidneys are not working properly to remove waste products
diastole
part of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle is in a period of relaxation and dilation, it is accompanied by filling the of the chambers of blood
diaphragm
muscle located at the bottom of the lungs that separates the chest from the abdomen
digestive system
enables the human body to process the food it ingests. two types of digestion.
mechanical- eg chewing food and breaking it into smaller pieces
chemical- eg where enzymes are used by the body to further break down food
ECG trace
an echocardiogram is a test that monitors the electrical activity of the heart
emphysema
a long term progressive disease that causes damage to the lungs; symptoms that include shortness of breath and difficulty breathing
endocrine system
collection of glands that produce hormones that help regulate the body’s key functions
endoscopy
endoscope is a long flexible tube that has a tiny camera and a light at the end of it
epiglottis
located beneath the tongue at the back of the throat
main function is to close the trachea whilst we eat
erythrocytes
commonly known as red blood cells, contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues
Eustachian tube
extends from the middle ear to the pharynx, it equalizes pressure on each side of the ear drum
frontal lobes
one of the four main regions of the cerebral cortex
responsible for key brain functions such as movement, planning and decision making
gall bladder
located below the liver and is responsible for storing the bile secreted by the liver and is then released into the small intestine
gallstones
stones that form when substances contained in the bile secreted by the the liver harden
glaucoma
group of eye conditions that cause damage to the eyes optic nerve and can effect vision
glucose
the main type of sugar in the blood that provides energy to all the cells in the body
homeostasis
refers to the keeping of the internal body environment in a state of equilibrium
hormones
the endocrine glands make substances called hormones that are transported in the blood stream to tissues and organs to help control things
humours
refers to the fluid present in the eye
hydrostatic pressure
in the cardiovascular system this refers to the pressure excreted within the capillaries that pushes the fluids out of them
hypertension
refers to when your blood pressure is continuously higher than the recommend pressure levels
hypothalamus
the part of the brain that is located above the brain stem
produces many of the bodies essential hormones’- main function is homeostasis
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
long term condition affecting the digestive system
used to describe a collection of symptoms
eg abdominal pain, abnormal bowel habits
incus
small bone located in the middle ear
the incus, the malleus and the staples
receives vibrations from the malleus and transmits them to the staples
inner ear
consists of the semicircular canals (balance) and the cochlea (hearing)
intercostal muscles
group of muscles that are located between the ribs and are part of the respiratory system and facilitate the breathing process
two types
internal- these muscles relax
external- these muscles contract
iris
the coloured part of the eye that helps control the amount of light that enters the eye
joint
formed of tissue and cartilage and is in an area where two or more bones connect
main function is to enable parts of the body to move
kidney nephrons
filtering structures contained within the kidneys
help clean the blood by removing waste and excess water
lactic acid
chemical produced by the body by muscle tissue and red blood cells
large intestine
consists of the colon and the rectum ]main function is to absorb water from the remaining undigested food and convert useless waste material into faeces
larynx
voice box
made up of cartilage
it connects the pharynx to the trachea in the neck
consists of three parts
-supraglottis
-glottis
-subglottis
protects the trachea during swallowing and enable the air breathed in to reach the lungs and enables sounds to be produced when singing or speaking
lens
located behind the pupil in the eye
enables vision by focusing light that enters the eye on to the retina
ligament
the tissue that connects bones or cartilage together
lithotripsy
medical procedure that sends shockwaves
to treat stones that might be found in the (eg) kidneys or gall bladder
lymph
fluid that contains white blood cells
carried in the bodies lymphatic system and is responsible for the bodies immune system
lymphatic system
vital for the bodies immune system as it rids the body of the toxins and excess fluid
lymphocytes
white cells present in lymph that fight infection and destroy cells that are abnormal or damaged
macula
part of the retina and is located at the back of the eye
responsible for detailed central and coloured vision
malleus
small bone located in the inner ear
malleus transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the incus
medulla
inner region of the kidney that consists of nephrons that clean the blood by removing waste and excess water
meninges
located beneath the skull
made up of three layers
outer layer (dura )
middle layer (arachnoid)
inner layer (pia)
middle ear
locate dbetween the eardrum and the inner ear
contains three bones
-incus
-malleus
-stapes
they transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear
monocytes
biggest type of white blood cell
responsible for fighting of bacteria and viruses
motor neurons
nerves found in the bodies nervous system along which the brain or spinal cord transmits electrical impulses to the muscles or glands
multiple sclerosis
a condition of the bodies nervous system that damages the coating around nerve fibres called the myelin
messages between the brain and body travel along nerve fibres so when damaged occurs messages either slow down or dont get through at all
muscle
tissue that consist of fibres that are responsible for moving different parts of the body
move by contracting and relaxing
myelin sheath
a layer that forms aroud nerve fibres to allow messages to be transmitted quickly across nerve cells between the brain and the body
nephrotic syndrome
a kidney disorder that occurs in both adults and children that result in low levels of protein in the blood due to the kidney not functioning properly and leaking too much protein. symptoms- swelling of the body
neuron
the nervous system is made up of cells called nerve cells or neurons that communicate and transmit info through an electrochemical process. made up of axons and dendrites
neutrophils
white blood cells in the bodies immune system responsible foe fighting off bacteria and viruses
AV and SA nodes
SA- sinoatrial node is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium of the heart and is responsible for setting the rhythm of the bodies pulse
the AV node is situated at the bottom right of the atrium of the heart and is responsible for the rhythm and contractions of the heart by transmitting impulses it receives feom the SA node and sending these to the atria and ventricle
