Living the Muslim Life ABC Flashcards
1
Q
Outline 3 of the Ten Obligatory Acts in Shi’a Islam:
A
One of the Acts is Salah, which is praying 5 times a day Another Act is Sawm, which is fasting during the month of Ramadan A third Act is Hajj, which is the pilgrimage to Makkah in Saudi Arabia
2
Q
Outline 3 purposes of the Ten Obligatory Acts:
A
Spiritual fulfilment and devotion to Allah. Moral and ethical guidance in daily life. Promotion of community cohesion and unity among Shia Muslims. May be guiding others on a moral life (e.g. nahi anil munkar) to Jannah
3
Q
Outline 3 beliefs about the Ten Obligatory Acts:
A
All believed by Shia Muslims, Sunnis also believe in most of them Doing these acts helps a Muslim become closer to God Doing these acts helps create a more harmonious society
4
Q
Outline 3 ways the Ten Obligatory Acts are practised today:
A
Muslims practise Salah by praying 5 times a day Shia Muslims practise nahi anil munkar by for example encouraging a muslim to stop smoking Shia Muslims practice amr bil ma’roof/zakah by giving to charity
5
Q
Outline 3 reasons why the Ten Obligatory Acts are important to Muslims:
A
Allow Muslims to connect to Allah Allow Muslims to purify their hearts Allow Muslims to ease the suffering of the poor Allow Muslims to promote a better society Allow Muslims to be blessed with a good afterlife
6
Q
Explain 2 of the Ten Obligatory Acts (SOWA):
A
One of the Ten Obligatory Acts is Salah. This is the act of praying 5 times a day regularly. The Qur’an says: “keep up regular prayer, for prayer is obligatory for all believers at prescribed times” Another Obligatory Act is Sawm. This is fasting during the month of Ramadan. The Qur’an says: “You who believe, fasting is prescribed for you … so that you may be mindful of God”
7
Q
Explain 2 reasons why the Ten Obligatory Acts are important to Muslims (SOWA):
A
One reason is because they allow Muslims to be blessed with a good afterlife. The Ten Obligatory Acts cover such as Amr bil ma’roof, which is the encouraging of good actions. This means that Muslims do good deeds which allow them to go to Jannah. The Qur’an says: “God has promised the believers … Gardens graced with flowing streams where they will remain” A second reason is because they allow Muslims to ease the suffering of the poor. Then Ten Obligatory Acts cover such as Zakah, which is donating a percentage of monthly income to the needy. This allows Muslims to promote a better society. The Qur’an says: “Whatever you give in charity … will earn multiple rewards”
8
Q
Explain 2 ways how Shi’a Muslims practise the Ten Obligatory Acts today (SOWA):
A
Some relate to individual actions such as Salah and Sawm. Salah is the act of praying 5 times a day to maintain a personal relationship with, and Sawm is fasting for the same intent. The Qur’an says: “keep up regular prayer, for prayer is obligatory for all believers at prescribed times” The Qur’an says: “You who believe, fasting is prescribed for you … so that you may be mindful of God” Others do actions about ways relating to other people and behaving in society. For example, if a Shi’a Muslims sees a person smoking, they should try to stop them to uphold the Act of Nahi anil munkar. 3.2 - Shahadah:
9
Q
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about the Shahadah:
A
It is one of the 5 pillars of Islam The Shahadah sums up the core beliefs of Islam The Shahadah is the declaration of faith for Muslims The first statement of the Shahadah relates to Tawhid The second statement of the Shahadah relates to Risalah
10
Q
Outline 3 places the Shahadah is recited:
A
It is among the first words a Muslim baby hears It is recited during a Muslim’s burial If somebody wants to convert to Islam, they must recite the Shahadah
11
Q
Outline 3 reasons why the Shahadah is important to Muslims:
A
It is the first pillar of Islam It is a declaration of a Muslim’s belief which has to come before all the other prayers Shahadah is a testimony, which reminds a person about an important commitment they have made and will also make them more likely to honour it Rewards are promised to those who put Allah and the Prophet before everything else
12
Q
Explain 2 reasons why the first statement of the Shahadah is important to Muslims (SOWA):
A
Muslims are required to believe that Allah is “one” and without any partner. Muslims believe there is nothing worthy of worship except him. The Qur’an says: “There is no god but Him” Muslims believe that worshipping or putting trust in anything over Allah is shirk and is a bad sin. In Islam, shirk is so serious that it is described as unforgivable. The Qur’an says: “God does not forgive the joining of partners with Him”
13
Q
Explain 2 reasons why the second statement of the Shahadah is important to Muslims (SOWA):
A
The second statement requires belief in the Prophet Muhammad as a servant and messenger of Allah. Muslims believe this confirms Muhammad’s humanity - he was a person just like everyone else. Being a servant means that his whole life was dedicated to serving Allah. Muslims believe Muhammad was sent by Allah to deliver the final and universal message to the world. In the Qur’an, he is called “an excellent model” and so Muslims look up to him as the best example of how to live.
14
Q
Explain 2 reasons why the Shahadah is important to Muslims (SOWA):
A
The Shahadah is the first pillar of Islam. It is a declaration of a Muslim’s belief which has to come before all the other pillars. If anyone converts to Islam, these are the words they must recite; it is the basic requirement of faith. Another reason is because the Shahadah is a testimony, which reminds a person about an important commitment they have made and will also make them more likely to honour it. By being more likely to honour it, they may attain the rewards that are promised to those who put Allah and the Prophet before everything else: “Whoever obeys God and the Messenger will be among those He has blessed” 3.3 - Salah:
15
Q
Outline 3 ways by which Muslims prepare for Salah:
A
Muslims must find a clean place which faces Makkah (qiblah is the direction of prayer) Remove their shoes and Perform wudu (ablutions)
16
Q
Outline 3 purposes of Salah:
A
To become closer to God Purifies the mind Prayer restrains bad behaviour Connects the Ummah together
17
Q
Outline 3 different times of prayer:
A
Fajr (before sunrise) Zuhr (Early afternoon) Asr (late afternoon) Maghrib (just after sunset) Isha (later in the evening)
18
Q
Outline 3 of the movements during Salah (rak’ah):
A
Qiyam (standing) Sajdah (prostrating) Qa’dah (kneeling) Ruku (bowing)
19
Q
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Salah:
A
Salah is the highest form of worship in Islam It is the second pillar of Islam Salah is a means of establishing a connection with Allah, “establish prayer for My remembrance.” Salah serves as a protection against wrongdoing and immorality: “Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing” Muslims should pray 5 times a day
20
Q
Outline 3 reasons why Salah is important for Muslims:
A
All prophets of Allah taught their followers to worship Salah allows Muslims to communicate directly with Allah Muslims can seek help in difficult times
21
Q
Outline 3 types of people who are excused from Salah:
A
The sick People who are travelling Very young children
22
Q
Outline 3 differences between Sunni Salah and Shia Salah:
A
Sunnis pray 5x per day, Shias do 3 During wudu, Shias wipe the front of the head and Sunnis wipe the whole head Shias only wipe the top of the feet, Sunnis wash the entire foot Shia Muslims place a small block of earth (turbah) for when they prostrate
23
Q
Outline 3 rules for Salah in the mosque:
A
Perform wudu, cover heads and remove shoes beforehand Switch off any devices like mobile phones to prevent possible disturbance Enter calmly and say: “peace be upon you” as a greeting to those in the mosque Maintain silence before Salah starts
24
Q
Outline 3 features of Salah in the mosque:
A
Each Salah is preceded by the adhan (the call to prayer) which signifies the start of prayer The Salah is lead by an Imam in the mihrab which faces Makkah Worshippers must keep straight rows and stand shoulder to shoulder
25
Outline 3 features of Salah in the home:
Muslims still perform wudu Muslims should ensure a clean area of the house is designated for Salah Usually led by the head of the household Trains children to pray regularly Maintains spirituality in the home - the Hadith says: “Pray in your houses - do not make them like graveyards”
26
Outline 3 beliefs about Jummah prayer:
Takes place of Friday Takes place in the mosque It is a special weekly congregation Many blessings are linked to Jummah prayer as it is an opportunity for sins to be forgiven - “He who comes to Jummah … will have his sins forgiven” (Hadith)
27
Outline 3 beliefs about the recitation of Quran:
An example of the recitation is the first chapter of the Quran Salah must be offered in Arabic Muslims recite the Quran during the Shahadah
28
Explain 2 reasons why Salah is important to Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because Muslims believe Salah allows them to communicate directly with Allah, who desires a personal relationship with them. This is the greatest purpose of Sallah. Muslims are able to seek help in difficult times, and aim to improve themselves. The Qur’an says: “I respond to those who call Me … so they may be guided” Another reason is because Prophet Muhammad taught followers about worship. He demonstrated how Muslims should pray and said that the first question Allah will ask Muslims on the Day of Judgement will be about Salah.
29
Explain 2 reasons why Jummah Prayer is important to Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because there are many blessings linked to Jummah prayer as it is an opportunity for sins to be forgiven. “He who comes to Jummah … will have his sins forgiven” (Hadith) A second reason is because it is a special weekly congregation that all Muslims try to attend. Therefore, they provide an opportunity for the local Muslim community to meet together and receive advice and spiritual guidance from the Imam. This reunites the Ummah. The Hadith says: “Prayer with the congregation is 27 times better than prayer performed by oneself”
30
Explain 2 natures of Salah (SOWA):
One nature is that Salah should be offered at particular times in the day, 5 in total. It is important for Muslims to try and observe each Salah on time (e.g. Fajr (before sunrise) and Isha (later in evening)) but can be combined (for example Zuhr and Asr), as Prophet Muhammad did the same. The Qur’an says: “Keep up regular prayer, for prayer is obligatory for the believers at prescribed times” Another is that Salah must be performed facing Makkah, which is where the Kabah is located. The direction of prayer is called qiblah, and is found in a mosque where the mihrab is facing.
31
Explain 2 reasons why Salah in the mosque is important to Muslims (SOWA):
A mosque is dedicated to worshipping Allah. Therefore, they are believed to carry more blessings as they are houses of Allah. The Hadith says: “Prayer with the congregation is 27 times better than prayer performed by oneself” Prayers in the mosque create unity and strengthen the spiritual and social bond between Muslims and the Ummah. Therefore, they provide an opportunity for the local Muslim community to meet together and receive advice and spiritual guidance from the Imam. There are also less distractions, as phones are turned off etc.
32
Explain 2 reasons why Salah in the home is important to Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because Prophet Muhammad said homes should not become empty of spirituality, and encouraged Muslims to offer prayers at home. The Hadith says: “Pray in your houses - do not make them like graveyards” A second reason is because it involves the whole family. In some communities women do not attend Salah at the mosque and so only pray at home. It also trains children to pray regularly. 3.4 - Sawm:
33
Outline 3 things Muslims must not do in daylight hours during Ramadan:
During Ramadan, Muslims must not eat any food in daylight hours. Also they must not consume liquids. A third thing they must not do is tell lies, gossip or swear.
34
Outline 3 purposes of Sawm:
To become closer to God To increase gratefulness It was Allah's wish therefore is compulsory for Muslims Teaches Muslims self-restraint Brings community closer Makes them purer spiritually and physically
35
Outline 3 beliefs about Sawm during Ramadan:
It is “prescribed”, compulsory for all Muslims Was the month that the angel Jibril first visited Muhammad to reveal the Qur’an Brings Muslims closer to Allah and makes them grateful for what they have
36
Outline 3 people who are excused from fasting in Ramadan:
Sick Travelling undertaking long journeys Elderly Those on medication Pregnant Young Children “Fast for a specific number of days, but if one of you is ill … then on other days” - Qur’an
37
Outline 3 purposes of Laylat Al-Qadr:
It was the start of the revelation of the Quran It was when Mohammad was called to become a prophet Muslims can experience their own Laylat Al-Qadr which can bring them closer to Allah
38
Outline 3 beliefs about the history of the Night of Power:
Occurred at Cave Hira It was when Mohammad was declared his prophethood It was the start of the revelation of the Quran
39
Explain 2 reasons why Sawm is important to Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because it allows Muslims to spend more time in greater reflection of Allah’s characteristics. Muslims believe fasting will help them get close to Allah. Fasting helps them become purer, both spiritually and physically. The Hadith says: “Whoever does not give up evil deeds is not in need of leaving their food and drink” Another reason is because fasting teaches Muslims self-restraint and is a time to reflect on how they speak, act, and behave, and try to change for the better. Being reminded of their own faults should make them overlook the weaknesses of others. Also allows them to experience hunger and thirst and be grateful for what they have. The Qur’an says: “Allah wants you to complete the prescribed period, so that you may be thankful”
40
Explain 2 purposes of Sawm (SOWA):
Muslims believe fasting is Allah's wish therefore is compulsory for Muslims, seen through the quote 'fasting is prescribed for you” showing how fasting brings a Muslim closer to God During fasting in Ramadan, lots of people are united in the mosques. Showing how fajr unites the Ummah and shows equality in Islam.
41
Explain 2 Muslim teachings about being excused from fasting (SOWA):
Apart from children, Muslims who cannot keep the fast must either make up the missed days at another time, or pay fidyah, a monetary donation that puts food on the table for poor families. The Qur’an says that “Fast for a specific number of days, but if one of you is ill … then on other days”, so God recognises their extreme difficulty and wants to ease their hardship, thus excusing the sick or travellers from fasting
42
Explain 2 reasons why the Night of Power is important to Muslims (SOWA):
Muslims believe doing Laylat Al-Qadr can remove past sins. This is important as it shows how the Night of Power can help Muslims become closer to God and achieve Jannah which is their ultimate goal in life. In the last 10 days of Ramadan, Muslims will be in mosques trying to experience their own Laylat Al-Qadr. Showing How the Night of Power can unite the Ummah and expresses equality in Islam. The Qur’an says: “The Night of Glory is better than a thousand months; on that night the angels and the Spirit descend again and again” Laylat al-Qadr has a special significance especially in Ramadan when Muslims seek to become closer to God and to become blessed. The last few nights of the month provide them with an opportunity to achieve a high level of devotion. This is why some Muslims spend the final days of Ramadan in i'tikaf, in seclusion to focus on prayer, reflection, and repentance. Muhammad advised his followers to seek Laylat al-Qadr on one of the odd nights towards the end of the fasting month - specifically the twenty-first, twenty-third, twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, or twenty-ninth nights. This is one of the reasons mosques are full in the evenings during Ramadan. Muslims believe that Laylat al-Qadr can remove past sins. 3.5 - Zakah and Khums:
43
Outline 3 benefits of Receiving Zakah / Khums:
Increased Standard of Living Provides better access to basic needs If you are in debt it may help you out of it Better access to education when Khums is used to build learning centres Helps to spread Shi’a traditions, such as publishing through books
44
Outline 3 purposes of giving Zakah / Khums:
Muslims believe all acts of charity are rewarded It creates a more harmonious society Increases standard of living for all Muslims Relieves poverty and distress; Helps those in debt Provides comfort and convenience for travellers Provides ransom for prisoners of war
45
Outline 3 types of charity in Islam:
Khums - a system for Shi’a Muslims to pay an addition 20% towards community causes Sadaqah - voluntary charity, not fixed at any rate Zakah Nisab is the amount of wealth above which a Muslim needs to pay Zakah
46
Outline 3 beliefs about Zakah:
Zakah is a source of goodness and purification for the individual and community Has existed since the time of the Prophet Muhammad Contribution of extra 2.5% of wealth Includes gold, silver and individual savings above nisab each year Only given my Muslims able to meet nisab threshold
47
Outline 3 reasons why Zakah is important for Muslims:
All acts of charity will be rewarded Those who pay Zakah are counted among the successful believers Failure to use wealth in the right way can lead to serious consequences One of the meanings of Islam is “peace” It is a pillar of Islam Muslims believe it is a form of worship that yields mercy from Allah
48
Outline 3 beliefs about Khums:
Additional 20% of one’s wealth “belongs to God and the Messenger” Twelver Shi’a Muslims give Khums to their leader Grand Ayatollah The money is spent on orphanages, schools, mosques
49
Outline 3 reasons why Khums are important to Shi’a Muslims:
Serving others is part of their faith The Qur’an says “one-fifth of your battle gains belongs to God and the Messenger” Failure to do so would mean that any money owned is not pure
50
Outline 3 groups the khums charity tax helps:
Shi’a Muslims pay the khums tax to make sure that the descendants of the Prophet are properly cared for. Another group the tax helps is religious leaders. A third group is the poor and orphans.
51
Explain 2 reasons why Zakah is important for Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because Muslims believe all acts of charity will be rewarded, like a loan which will be repaid by Allah. Therefore, those who pay Zakah are counted as among the successful believers who attain the mercy of Allah by creating a more harmonious society. The Qur’an says: “Pay your prescribed alms … you will find yourselves, better and with a greater reward” Another reason is because failure to use wealth in the right way can lead to serious consequences. Muslims believe Zakah is a form of worship which “gives them mercy”, but if they “use their wealth to bar people from the path of God … they will be herded towards Hell”
52
Explain 2 reasons why Khums are important to Shi’a Muslims (SOWA):
One reason is because serving others is part of their faith. The Prophet Muhammad said: “the upper hand is better than the lower hand” in the Hadith, meaning it is more important to give than to receive. The Qur’an says: “know that one-fifth of your battle gains belongs to God and the Messenger” Like Zakah, Khums must be paid annually. Shi’a Muslims believe that failure to do so would mean that any money owned is not pure. They believe Khums are a form of worship which “gives them mercy”, but if they “use their wealth to bar people from the path of God … they will be herded towards Hell”
53
Explain 2 reasons why Muslims pay Zakah (SOWA):
Muslims pay zakah to purify their wealth (zakah means purification). Islam teaches that wealth can be evil and cut people off from God, but if a Muslim pays zakah, they purify the wealth they have left and God will accept their prayers. Muslims also pay zakah because it is the third pillar of Islam which all Muslims must fulfil. Muhammad said in a hadith that zakah protects a Muslim’s property and helps relatives to recover from disease. “An act of charity shields seventy dead people from ill fate”. - Muslims believe all acts of Charity are rewarded as seen through the quote Surah 2:271 'Allah loves the Charitable' Showing how giving Zakah can help a Muslim achieve Jannah which is their ultimate goal in life Muslims giving Zakah makes them less greedy, Zakah literally means 'purification' and is a way of making sure one's money is pure, showing how Zakah makes Muslims better people overall.
54
Explain 2 reasons Muslims give Khums (SOWA):
Muslims believe all acts of Charity are rewarded as seen through the quote Surah 2:271 'Allah loves the Charitable' Showing how giving Khums can help a Muslim achieve Jannah which is their ultimate goal in life Shia Muslims believe giving Khums makes them less greedy showing how Giving Khums can make a Muslim overall a better person 3.6 - Hajj:
55
Outline 3 features of Hajj which show the unity of Islam:
While they are on hajj, all pilgrims must wear the same pilgrim dress. They must all use the same language They must perform the same actions. They may drink water from the same cup
56
Outline 3 benefits of doing Hajj:
Removes all sins Unites all Muslims Inspires pilgrims to be better people
57
Outline 3 challenges of Hajj:
Ensuring the lessons they have learned during Hajj are not forgotten in their everyday lives Physically demanding Expensive Dangerous as there are lots of people
58
Outline 3 stages of Hajj:
Sacrifice of animals Hair cutting Throwing rocks at walls symbolising Satan (al-jimar) There is the sa’ee, which is the walk between two hillocks called Safa and Marwah, which re-enacts Hagar’s search for help when she and her son Isma’il were thirsty in the desert Staying in tents and spending time in reflection and prayer
59
Outline 3 beliefs about Hajj:
Hajj is the holiest place on earth Hajj is the place where prophets lived and preached The pilgrimage starts on the eighth day of the month Dhu al-Hijjah and lasts about 5 days Hajj is a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, ordained by Allah for Muslims who are physically and financially able Hajj is a symbol of unity and equality among Muslims, as believers from diverse backgrounds gather in Mecca) Hajj is a spiritual journey of self-reflection and purification
60
Outline 3 reasons why Hajj is important to Muslims:
Muslims believe doing Hajj brings them closer to God Muslims believe completing Hajj unites all Muslims Hajj removes all sins
61
Outline 3 beliefs about the origins of Hajj:
The origins of Hajj can be traced back around 4000 years ago The Qur’an says Ibrahim was chosen by Allah to establish the Kabah Hajj is rooted in the legacy of Prophet Muhammad, who performed the pilgrimage Hajj is believed to have been ordained by Allah as a form of worship “Abraham and Ishmael built up the foundations of my house” - Qur’an “Purify my House for those who walk around it”
62
Outline 3 ways Hajj is performed:
Pilgrims wear ihram - for men this is two white sheets of cloth, for women they dress in simple white clothes. Symbolic of everyone being equal before Allah. Women must be accompanied by a man, such as a father or son, for their protection and safety Women under 45 and single cannot go to Hajj alone They circle the Kabah Pilgrims fulfil their vows in an act of cleansing
63
Explain 2 reasons why Hajj is important to Muslims (SOWA):
Muslims believe doing Hajj brings them closer to God. This is significant as it shows how doing Hajj helps a Muslims to achieve Jannah. The Qur’an says: “Proclaim the Pilgrimage … anyone who honours the sacred ordinances of God will have good rewards from his Lord” Muslims believe completing Hajj unites all Muslims. This shows how completing Hajj helps to create a harmonious society which is one of the ultimate goals of Islam. This is shown by the wearing of the ihram which symbolises equality of all people, regardless of their background. Muslims believe that the pilgrimage removes all sins as long as they repent with a sincere heart. This is like being born again with a fresh start, and is symbolised with the shaving of the head. Only Allah can forgive sins, so by going on Hajj Muslims hope Allah will reward them for their commitment to him.
64
Explain 2 of the stages in Hajj (SOWA):
At the end of Hajj, Men shave all their Hair and women cut a few hairs to symbolise a new beginning, during this period, they all wear the same white ihram. Showing how this stage of Hajj expresses equality in Islam Another Stage in Hajj is when Muslims throw rocks at a wall symbolising Spartans. This is significant as it shows how this stage in Hajj drives Muslims away from Satan and toward God, this is important as Satan causes them to do bad deeds. The Qur’an says: “feed yourselves … let the pilgrims perform their acts of cleansing, fulfil their vows, and circle around the Ancient House” 3.7 - Jihad:
65
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Jihad:
Jihad is a personal struggle to be a better Muslim. Greater Jihad is the inner struggle against sin and temptation. Lesser Jihad is the physical defence of Islam and Muslims. The prophet Mohammad said there are two types of Jihad
66
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about greater Jihad:
Greater Jihad is the inner struggle against sin and temptation. It involves striving to live according to Islamic teachings and values. Greater Jihad focuses on personal spiritual growth and improvement Includes suppressing anger and helping the poor
67
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about lesser Jihad:
Lesser Jihad involves defending Islam and Muslims from oppression and aggression. It is a means of protecting the Muslim community and preserving religious freedom. Lesser Jihad is conducted according to strict ethical principles, such as avoiding harm to civilians. “You who believe, be mindful of God and strive [jihad] for His cause, so that you may prosper” The Hadith says: “A man came to the Prophet and asked for his permission to go for [a fighting] jihad. The Prophet asked, “are your parents alive?”. He replied “yes”. The Propet said, “then your jihad is with them” [by looking after them]”
68
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about the origins of Jihad:
Jihad originates from the Quranic teachings and the example of Prophet Muhammad. It is rooted in the obligation to defend Islam and uphold justice. Jihad is seen as a response to persecution and injustice faced by Muslims.
69
Outline 3 categories of greater Jihad:
Jihad bi al-nafs (striving with the soul) - aiming to improve one’s character, for example through prayer and fasting Jihad bi al-lisan (striving with the tongue) - speaking the truth or telling others about Islam Jihad bi al-qalam (striving with the pen) - writing about, or in defence of, your beliefs
70
Outline 3 conditions for lesser Jihad:
Persecution reaches an extreme level Religious freedoms are being taken away Islam has to be defended from an attack started by the enemy Authorised by a Muslim leader
71
Outline 3 reasons why Jihad is important to Muslims:
Both greater and lesser jihad were practised by the Prophet Muhammad The Qur’an teaches about the need to resist evil in oneself and in society Allah is pleased with those who aim to improve themselves to become better people
72
Outline 3 ways in which being a Muslim in a non-Muslim society is a struggle:
A Muslim living in a non-Muslim country faces a considerable struggle to avoid being involved in the payment of interest. It can also be a great struggle to find halal food, especially halal meat. It can also be a struggle to practise Salah at a mosque as they may not be available nearby
73
Outline 3 differences between greater and lesser Jihad:
Greater Jihad is striving spiritually to resist evil, Lesser Jihad is striving physically to resist evil Lesser Jihad is only allowed in certain circumstances, Greater Jihad is always allowed Lesser Jihad may lead to a damaged relationship with Allah, Greater Jihad will always lead to a developed relationship with Allah
74
Explain 2 divergent attitudes to lesser Jihad (SOWA):
Some groups like IS and Boko Haram, believe they have a duty to fight non-Muslims so that Islam can dominate the world. They also torture people, endorse suicide bombings, and teach that anyone who dies as a martyr of islam will go straight to paradise. The majority of Muslims believe this is a wrong interpretation of jihad and that nothing can ever justify terrorism. They would emphasise the importance of peace - which is one of the meanings of Islam - and say that lesser jihad does not permit terrorism. The Amman Declaration says: “We denounce and condemn extremism … Islam is a religion that strives for the good of the people”
75
Explain 2 reasons why Jihad is important in the life of a Muslim (SOWA):
In terms of Lesser Jihad, Muslims believe it is sometimes necessary. Shown by the quote 'fight them until there is no more persecution.' This is important as it shows how partaking in Lesser Jihad shows respect to Allah and devotion to Islam In terms of Greater Jihad, Muslims believe Allah rewards those who try to better themselves. This is important as it shows how greater Jihad can help Muslims to achieve Jannah. Allah is pleased with those who aim to improve themselves to become better people. The Qur’an teaches about the need to resist evil in oneself and society. One of the 10 Obligatory Acts is Nahi Anil Munkar, which is discouraging actions of evil. The Qur’an says: “support each other … forbid what is wrong” 3.8 - Celebrations and Commemorations:
76
Outline 3 Muslim festivals:
Id-ul-Adha Id-ul-Fitr Id-ul-Ghadeer Ashura
77
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Id-ul-Adha:
Commemorates complete obedience to Allah - Ibrahim was about to sacrifice his son to Allah when God intervened. During the 4 days of this festival, people often exchange presents. Muslims attend a service in mosques, which focuses on the importance of obedience to Allah. Muslim families often sacrifice an animal and divide it into three parts: one to their family, one to their relatives, and one to the poor.
78
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Id-ul-Fitr:
Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan. Celebrates the completion of the fourth pillar The fourth pillar is fasting, observing sawm. Thanking Allah for giving Muslims the strength to complete the fourth pillar. There are prayers and a sermon either in or outside the mosque. There is a meal to break the fast and family and friends exchange presents.
79
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Id-ul-Ghadeer:
Prophet Muhammad is believed to have made this announcement, the Pond (Ghadeer) of Khumm that Ali was his successor Shi’a Muslims believe that this was the last time the Prophet addressed a gathering of people before he died
80
Outline 3 Muslim beliefs about Ashura:
Commemorates the death of Husayn, son of ‘Ali, and grandson of Muhammad. He died in battle and a Passion narrative has developed around his death. Fasting on Ashura is not compulsory as Muhammad decreed that Muslims should observe sawm on Ramadan.
81
Outline 3 activities performed on Id-ul-Adha:
Sacrificing an animal Going to Eid prayers Gift giving Having a feast
82
Outline 3 activities performed on Id-ul-Fitr:
There are prayers and a sermon either in or outside the mosque. There is a meal to break the fast and family and friends exchange presents. Muslims attend special prayers at the mosque. They give charity (zakat al-fitr) to those in need. Families and friends gather to share festive meals and exchange gifts.
83
Outline 3 activities performed on Id-ul-Ghadeer:
Presents are given People take ritual baths People eat celebratory meals Many Shi’a Muslims fast on this day and they may wear their best clothes Some recite a special prayer praising Allah and thanking him for the faithful and infallible imams
84
Outline 3 activities performed on Ashura:
Muslims fast on the day of Ashura to commemorate the events of Karbala They participate in mourning processions and recite elegies (marsiyas) Some may engage in acts of charity and community service
85
Outline 3 activities performed prior to Ashura:
The ten days leading up to Ashura are a period of mourning. They are characterised by processions, passion plays, and recitations of stories and poems about the death of Husayn. Shi’a Muslims wear black during this period and some practice self-flagellation.
86
Outline 3 reasons why Id-ul-Adha is important to Muslims:
It commemorates the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son Isma'il (Ishmael) as an act of obedience to Allah. It signifies the importance of faith and submission to Allah's command It emphasises the principles of sacrifice, generosity, and compassion towards others, as Muslims share the meat of sacrificial animals with those in need.
87
Outline 3 reasons why Id-ul-Fitr is important to Muslims:
It marks the end of Ramadan, the holy month of fasting It highlights the importance of gratitude and thanksgiving to Allah for His blessings during Ramadan It fosters unity and solidarity within the Muslim community (ummah)
88
Outline 3 reasons why Id-ul-Ghadeer is important to Muslims:
It commemorates the appointment of Imam Ali as the successor of Prophet Muhammad It signifies the completion of the Prophetic mission and the continuation of divine guidance through the Imams in the Shia tradition. It underscores the significance of leadership and authority in Islam
89
Outline 3 reasons why Ashura is important to Muslims:
It commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Hussain ibn Ali and his companions at the Battle of Karbala It serves as a reminder of the importance of standing up for truth and righteousness It inspires reflection, repentance, and renewal of faith, as Muslims draw lessons from the sacrifices of Imam Hussain
90
Outline 3 beliefs about the origins of Id-ul-Adha:
Was started by Prophet Mohammad Was started in memory of Ibrahim and Isma'il Id-Ul-Adha commemorates the devotion of Ibrahim and Isma'il
91
Outline 3 beliefs about the history of Id-ul-Fitr:
It commemorates the end of Ramadan, the month in which the Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad. The first Id-ul-Fitr was celebrated by Prophet Muhammad The first Id-ul-Fitr was celenbrated in Medina after the migration (Hijrah) from Mecca.
92
Outline 3 beliefs about the history of Id-ul-Ghadeer:
It was when Mohammad declared Ali as his successor Ghadeer is the pond in which the celebration took place It occurred during the farewell pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wida) of Prophet Muhammad.
93
Outline 3 beliefs about the history of Ashura:
Hussain refused to pledge allegiance to an oppressive leader called Yazid Hussain and 72 of his companions were forced out of Medinah Yazid trapped them in the desert of Karbala
94
Explain 2 activities/features that are performed on Id-ul-Adha:
At Eid ul-Adha Muslims offer special prayers at the mosque because Eid prayers must be offered in congregation At Eid ul-Adha the meat of a sacrificed animal is shared with the poor in remembrance of Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son All members of the family dress in their best clothes, which is a sign of respect for the importance of the day
95
Explain 2 activities/features that are performed on Id-ul-Fitr:
Muslims attend congregational prayers at the mosque in the morning to offer thanks to Allah for completing the month of Ramadan. Muslims are required to give Zakat al-Fitr, a form of charity, before the Eid prayers, ensuring that those in need can also participate in the festivities and have enough to celebrate.
96
Explain 2 activities/features that are performed on Id-ul-Ghadeer:
Muslims organise gatherings or majalis to listen to sermons and lectures about the significance of Ghadeer and the appointment of Imam Ali as the successor of Prophet Muhammad Eulogies (marsiyas) and poems praising Imam Ali and reflecting on his leadership qualities and virtues are recited during these gatherings, inspiring love and admiration for the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of Prophet Muhammad).
97
Explain 2 activities/features that are performed on Ashura:
Many Muslims observe a voluntary fast on the day of Ashura, following the example of Prophet Muhammad who recommended fasting on this day to seek forgiveness for sins. Muslims participate in mourning processions, recite elegies (marsiyas), and engage in acts of self-flagellation (zanjeer-zani or matam) to express grief and sorrow over the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and his companions at the Battle of Karbala. BACKUP - Explain 2 reasons why (...) (celebration) is important to Muslims (SOWA): Muslims believe celebrating (...) can help to increase their faith and make them closer to God, showing how celebrating (....) can help them achieve Jannah. During (....), Muslims gather at the mosque to celebrate and offer extra prayers, showing how celebrating (....) can unite all Muslims and provide a sense of equality in the Ummah. The Qur’an says: “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided.”
98
Explain 2 reasons why Id-ul-Adha is important to Muslims (SOWA):
Id-ul-Adha may be seen as important as it celebrates the sacrifice of Ibrahim and teaches Muslims the importance of duty ‘O my son! I have seen in a vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: now see what is thy view’, Id-ul-Adha is connected with Hajj which is an important part of Islam. Hajj removes the sins of all Muslims and it reminds Muslims about the sacrifice of Ibrahim and the importance of trusting Allah. During the festival of Id-ul-Adha Muslims sacrifice an animal and distribute it to friends and family, thus building community ties ‘so pray to your Lord and sacrifice.' Id-ul-Adha is celebrated over 3 days 'Do not fast on these days, for they are the days of eating, drinking and remembering Allah.' (Hadith).
99
Explain 2 reasons why Id-ul-Fitr is important to Muslims (SOWA):
Id-ul-Fitr comes after the most important month of the year Ramadan ‘You shall complete the number and you may glorify God for his guiding you, and that you may be thankful.’ It is the festival that is celebrated after great self-restraint (fasting). Zakat-ul-Fitr is paid and so helps to support the poor - ‘The fasting of the month of fasting will be hanging between earth and heavens and it will not be raised up to the Divine Presence without paying the Zakat al-Fitr.’ (Hadith). Id-ul-Fitr is celebrated by every Muslim. Some Muslims may not celebrate Ashura in the same way as they do Id-ul-Fitr, this difference shows the importance of Id-ul-Fitr, etc.
100
Explain 2 reasons why Id-ul-Ghadeer is important to Muslims (SOWA):
Id-ul-Ghadeer is celebrated by Shi’a Muslims as the day on which the Prophet named Ali as his successor. They regard Ali as the first legitimate leader of the Muslims after the Prophet and believe that Muhammad (pbuh) specifically said that Ali and his family should be his successors. Sunni Muslims do not agree that the Prophet appointed any specific successor. From the Sunni perspective Abu Bakr was the first ruler after the Prophet, legitimised by consultation amongst the companions of the time. Therefore, they do not accept the validity of this festival. However, Sunni Muslims do believe Muhammad asked Muslims to respect Ali. This day is particularly important for Shi’a Muslims because of the reverence and authority they attribute to Ali. Ali and his successors, within the line of the family of the Prophet, are a source of authority for Shi’a Muslims. They often refer to Ali in their daily practice and may draw inspiration from his teaching. Shi’a Muslims believe they must follow the teachings of their Imams, who teach that this is an important festival, marking a significant action by the Prophet. Sunni Muslims do not celebrate this festival and don’t consider the choice of Ali as successor to be referred to in either the Qur’an or Hadith. Practices which are neither specifically mentioned in the Qur’an nor carried out by the Prophet might be seen innovations, so a Sunni Muslim might feel uncomfortable about this celebration. “For whoever I was regarded as leader, Ali will be the leader” (Hadith)
101
Explain 2 reasons why Ashura is important to Muslims (SOWA):
The festival of Ashura reminds Muslims about the martyrdom of Husayn. This is a key practice for Shi’a Muslims. For some Sunni Muslims Ashura celebrates the Day of Atonement and this helps them to repent and come closer to Allah.
102
Explain 2 reasons why commemorations are important to Muslims today (SOWA):
Commemorations serve as a means of preserving and passing down cultural and religious traditions from generation to generation, ensuring their continuity and relevance in contemporary times. Commemorations provide opportunities for Muslims to come together as a community, fostering unity, solidarity, and a sense of belonging among believers, regardless of differences in culture or background, strengthening the ummah as a result. The Qur’an says: "The believers are but brothers, so make settlement between your brothers." Muslims believe celebrating (...) can help to increase their faith and make them closer to God, showing how celebrating (....) can help them achieve Jannah. During (....), Muslims gather at the mosque to celebrate and offer extra prayers, showing how celebrating (....) can unite all Muslims and provide a sense of equality in the Ummah. The Qur’an says: “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided.” Chapter 4 - Exam-Style Questions: 4.1 - Peace:
