Livet (Paleozoic) Flashcards
Hvor lang tid varede Paleozoic, og hvilke tidsperioder var der i?
542 to 252 million years ago
Cambrian Period (541 to 485 million years ago)
Ordovician Period (485 to 443 million years ago):
Silurian Period (443 to 419 million years ago):
Devonian Period (419 to 359 million years ago):
Carboniferous Period (359 to 299 million years ago):
Permian Period (299 to 252 million years ago):
Hvad kendertegner 542 millioner år siden?
Den Cambriske eksplosion
Hvorfor skete cambriske eksplossion?
- Increase of oxygen
- Predation - predator vs Prey dyamic, hvor prey bliver nød til at udvikle bedre forsvar for at overleve, ligeledes udvikler predator sig til bedre at kunne fange bytte.
-Geological process that causes an increase of CO3^2- ions aq that favors organism that can bind CO3^2- and Ca in the water and make shells.
- Temperture chance.
Natural selection.
Fløs:
Environmental: Warming after glacial events favored evolution
Chemical: Water chemistry favored calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells
Biological: Natural selection (predator vs prey) favored hard shells
Hvilke slags dyr begyndte at dukke op i denne tid (cambrian)?
Animals with hard shells and exoskeletons because of Predator vs prey.
Arthopods (leddyr)
- Trillobite
Mulluscs
-Bracchiopods
Chordates (rykstrengedyr)
Corals.
Hvad menes med Burger Shale?
Et meget fint sediment ved British columbia, hvor et højt antal fossiler fra midt Cambrium er blevet bevaret.
Ordovician
485 million years ago
Vertebrates (hvirvldyr
Armored fish without jaws).
Reef builders Corals.
Hvad er devonian kendt for ift liv?
416 millioner år siden ish.
- Vertebrate jaw evolution.
Food and oxygen increase
Ray-finned fish (ligner den vi kender i dag)
Lobe-finned fish (fisk med lapper, knogle, fleshy)
Lappen har stor lighed med amphibians (padedyr) “pote”. herunder 3 knogler, Ulna, Radius og Humerus.
tetrapods vertebrades
Late devonian: de udviklet strong backbone, og bedre egenskaber til at overleve på land - terrestrial (land) vertebrates, amphibians (paddedyr)
Hvad var Carbonifierous så kendt for?
Amniotic egg = reptile
First forrest producing a lot of oxygen
Insects
Carbon storage for us.
Why was the amniotic egg so important for terrestrial evolution?
Tough shell
Membrane that could secure gas exchance so it dont dry out.
Nu var vertebraterne mindre afhængig af vand. Man kan kalde alle dyr efter amniotic egg for Amniotes nu.
Permian
Domation of land vertebrates: tetrapods. Reptiles.
Plant eating vertebrats
Kan du nævne en biological classification?
Domain:
The highest taxonomic rank. Life is classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Kingdom:
Within the domain Eukarya, organisms are classified into various kingdoms. Examples include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
Phylum:
Each kingdom is further divided into phyla. For example, within the Animalia kingdom, phyla include Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropoda (arthropods), and Mollusca (mollusks).
Class:
Phyla (række) are divided into classes. In the class Mammalia (within the phylum Chordata), there are orders like Primates (humans, monkeys) and Carnivora (dogs, cats).
Order:
Classes are subdivided into orders. For instance, the order Carnivora includes families like Felidae (cats) and Canidae (dogs).
Family:
Orders are further divided into families. Within the family Felidae, there are genera like Panthera (lions, tigers) and species like Panthera leo (lion).
Genus:
Families contain genera, which group together species that are more closely related. For example, the genus Homo includes species like Homo sapiens (humans) and Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals).
Species:
The most specific rank. A species consists of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Each species is identified by a two-part scientific name, known as binomial nomenclature. For example, Homo sapiens refers to modern humans.
What aspects of terrestrial living did both plants and animals need to contend with? What are some examples of those morphological adaptations?
They both had to challange gravity, reproduktion, lack of water and a way to get nutrions
Gravity
- Vascular tissue - grow higher, rigid cell walls.
Nutrion and lack of water
- Rootsystems.
- Vascular tissue
Reproduktion
- Seed dispersal mechanism.
- Gymnosperms
Before gymnosperm, spores (moisty) ereas.
Can you mention some plant evolution
Ordovician Period:
Around 450 million years ago: Early land plants likely evolved from green algae in shallow aquatic environments
Silurian Period:
Around 430 million years ago: First land plants appeared, representing a transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. These early plants lacked vascular tissues (tubes for water transport).
Devonian Period:
Around 385 million years ago: Evolution of vascular tissues allowed for more complex plant structures. Some plants developed structures resembling leaves and roots. Tall plants, including the first forests, emerged.
Late Devonian Period:
Around 360 million years ago: Seeds evolved, providing a reproductive advantage and facilitating the colonization of drier environments.
Carboniferous Period:
Around 345 million years ago: Large ferns and lycopods dominated swampy environments, contributing to the formation of extensive coal deposits.
Permian Period:
Around 300 million years ago: Seed plants continued to dominate, and gymnosperms became more prevalent.
(fra chatbot)
Fra flø
For both groups, the method of reproduction proved the major barrier to expansion into the various terrestrial environments. With the evolution of the seed in plants and the amniote egg in animals, this limitation was removed, and both groups expanded into all terrestrial habitats. Standing upright and not drying out was furthermore difficulties that had to be overcome.
Vascular
The majority of modern land plants
Tissue system of specialized cells for transporting water and nutrients, like internal tubing – phloem (leaves) and xylem (roots)
Trees and ferns (bregner)
By the end of Devonian, large tree-like plants existed
Seedless vascular plants, like ferns, are reproduced via
Spores are single-cell units that allow for reproduction without a seed - Spores are dormant until getting the right stimuli, then grow into plants with both eggs and sperm
Nonvascular
No specialized cells (tubes) for water and nutrient transport
Don’t have phloem (leaves) and xylem (roots)
Gets nutrients around by passing it from one cell to another
Live in moist areas
Bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses)’
Non-vascular plants lack a specialised vascular system for transporting water and nutrients.
Earliest land plants were likely non-vascular
How many mass extinctions were there really in paleozoic?
In the paleozoic there were 3:
Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (around 443 million years ago):
Probable Causes: Glaciation, sea-level changes, and a drop in sea temperatures. Global cooling and changes in sea levels likely played a role in the extinction of marine species.
Late Devonian Mass Extinction (around 360 million years ago):
Probable Causes:
Multiple factors, including climate change, sea-level fluctuations, and possibly anoxic (low-oxygen) conditions in the oceans. Terrestrial plants and the evolution of forests may have influenced environmental conditions.
Global collapse of reef communities.
End-Permian Mass Extinction (around 252 million years ago):
Probable Causes:
Often referred to as the “Great Dying,” it was likely triggered by a combination of volcanic activity, massive volcanic eruptions (Siberian Traps), resulting climate change, ocean acidification, and a potential asteroid impact.
wiped out 90% marine life, 75% terrestial life.
What was the likely cause of the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history?
Big plume of lava in present day siberia, big enough to cover 2/3 of the united states. Imagine a big plume of lava melting continental crust from beneath.
