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The Alimentary Canal > Liver Structure and Function > Flashcards

Liver Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

In upper right quadrant of abdomen

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2
Q

Describe anatomy of the liver

A

Right lobe is bigger than left
Has 2 minor lobes - caudate and quadrate
Porta on inferior surface with entry/exit vessels

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3
Q

Which vessels enter/exit the porta of the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Lymphatic vessels
Right and left hepatic ducts into common hepatic duct
Hepatic nerve plexus

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4
Q

What does the common hepatic duct join with?

A

Cystic duct from gallbladder

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5
Q

What ducts make up the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

Common bile duct and pancreatic duct

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6
Q

Describe the bare area of the liver

A

Liver is covered by connective tissue capsule and visceral peritoneum except for here - surrounded by coronary ligament

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7
Q

Describe the septa of the liver

A

At porta - branching network into body of liver to provide support
Septa divide the liver into hexagonal lobules

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8
Q

What follows septa throughout liver?

A

Vessels, ducts and nerves

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9
Q

What is included in the portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic duct

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10
Q

Where is the portal triad located?

A

At each corner of the hexagonal lobule

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11
Q

What is at the centre of each hexagonal lobule?

A

Central veins at centre which drain to hepatic veins then IVC

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12
Q

What are hepatic cords?

A

Radiate out from central veins
Composed of hepatocytes which are the functional cells of the liver

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13
Q

What lies between each hepatic cord?

A

Canaliculus

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14
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids?

A

Spaces between the hepatic cords which are blood channels

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15
Q

Describe the journey of blood after going through the alimentary canal

A

Hepatic portal vein
Then to portal triad to hepatic sinusoids
Then to central veins
Then to hepatic veins

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16
Q

What is the blood like after leaving the alimentary canal?

A

O2 depleted
Nutrient rich blood

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17
Q

Describe the journey of the livers blood supply

A

Hepatic artery
Then hepatic sinusoids
Then central veins
Then hepatic veins

18
Q

What is the blood for the livers blood supply described as?

A

O2 rich as hasn’t been through gut
Nutrient depleted blood

19
Q

Describe the journey of bile in the liver

A

Hepatic sinusoids
Hepatocytes which synthesis bile
Then canaliculi
Hepatic ducts

20
Q

What are some other functions of hepatocytes in the liver?

A

Bile synthesis
Nutrient storage - glycogen, fat, vits, Cu and Fe
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification - adds protein

21
Q

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile

22
Q

What are the 6 components of bile?

A

Bile acids
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
Toxic metals
Bicarbonate

23
Q

Describe lecithin

A

Synthesised in the liver
Solubilises fat

24
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate?

A

Neutraliser of acid chyme

25
Q

What is secreted from hepatocytes?

A

Bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol, bile pigments and toxic metals

26
Q

Where is bicarbonate secreted from?

A

Duct cells

27
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

Breakdown products of haemoglobin form old/ damaged erythrocytes

28
Q

What creates yellow bile?

A

Bilirubin extracted from blood by hepatocytes and secreted into bile

29
Q

What makes faeces brown?

A

Bilirubin modified by bacterial enzymes to give brown pigment

30
Q

What makes urine yellow?

A

Reabsorbed bilirubin excreted in the urine

31
Q

How are bile acids synthesised?

A

In liver from cholesterol

32
Q

How does bile acids become bile salts?

A

Before secretion bile acids are conjugated with glycine or taurine - increased solubility

33
Q

How are bile salts recycled?

A

Enterohepatic circulation
Liver - bile duct - duodenum - ileum - hepatic portal vein - liver

34
Q

What are the 3 wall layers of the gallbladder?

A

Mucosa - folded rugae
Muscularis - smooth muscle
Serosa - CT

35
Q

What is the journey of bile out gallbladder?

A

Gallbladder - cystic duct - common bile duct

36
Q

What is the function of the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

Controls release of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum
If contracted then bile forced back into gallbladder

37
Q

How much does the gallbladder concentrate bile?

A

5-20 times as absorbs Na and water

38
Q

What causes the release of CCK?

A

Fat in the duodenum

39
Q

What does CCK do once released?

A

Relaxes the sphincter of Oddi
Gallbladder contracts to release bile - fat solubilisation
Pancreatic enzyme secretion

40
Q

Describe the function of secretin in the alimentary system

A

When acid is in duodenum - releases secretin from S cell
Causes decreased gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
Increases duodenal and pancreatic bicarbonate causing neutralisation

The Alimentary Canal (33 decks)

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