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The Alimentary Canal > Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function > Flashcards

Gastric Motility and Pancreatic Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the stomach is there peristaltic waves?

A

From body to antrum

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2
Q

Describe gastric motility of the body of the stomach?

A

Thin muscle so weak contraction so no mixing

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3
Q

Describe the gastric motility of the antrum of the body

A

Thick muscle so powerful contraction so mixing happens and there is contraction of the pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

What generates peristaltic rhythm?

A

Pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer

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4
Q

What is the function of contraction of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Only small quantity of gastric content (chyme) enters the duodenum
Further mixing as products forced back towards body of stomach

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5
Q

Explain slow waves

A

Spontaneous depolarisation/ repolarisation
Conducted through gap junctions along longitudinal muscle layer

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6
Q

What is the slow wave rhythm?

A

Basic electrical rhythm (BER) - each part of gut has own

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7
Q

Describe slow waves and strength of contraction

A

Slow wave depolarisation is sub threshold so need further depolarisation to induce AP
Number of APs determine the strength

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8
Q

Describe neural/ hormonal control on motility

A

Gastrin
Distention of stomach wall
Fat/acid/amino acid/ hypertonicity in duodenum

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9
Q

How does gastrin effect motility?

A

Increases contraction

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9
Q

How does distention of stomach wall effect motility?

A

Triggers long vagus and short enteric reflexes which increases contraction

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10
Q

How does fat/acid/amino acid/ hypertonicity in duodenum effect motility?

A

Causes inhibition of motility

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11
Q

What neutralises acid in the duodenum?

A

Bicarbonate secretion from Brunner’s Gland duct cells (submucosal glands)

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12
Q

What is acid in the duodenum broken down into?

A

Bicarbonate binds with H to create carbonic acid which broken down makes water and CO2

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13
Q

What does acid in the duodenum trigger?

A

Long vagal and short enteric reflexes innervate Brunner’s gland cells to secrete
Release of secretin from S cells - bicarbonate secretion

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14
Q

Explain the release of secretin

A

Secretin is released from S cells when acid is in duodenum
Bicarbonate secretion from pancreas and liver

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15
Q

What happens when acid is neutralised?

A

Inhibits secretin release so negative feedback control

16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Body
Tail

17
Q

Explain the endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Has pancreatic islets - islet cells produce insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose conc.
Also produce somatostatin

18
Q

Explain the exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Secrete outside of body
Have acinar cells in lobules

19
Q

How are lobules connected in the pancreas?

A

Intercalated ducts - intralobular ducts - interlobular ducts - main pancreatic duct - common bile duct

20
Q

What control bile secretion from common bile duct into duodenum?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)

21
Q

What happens if main pancreatic duct is blocked?

A

There is an accessory pancreatic duct

22
Q

What is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Responsible for digestive function of pancreas

23
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of exocrine pancreas

A

Acini into ducts into pancreatic duct

24
Q

What do duct cells in exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Bicarbonate

25
Q

What do acinar cells in endocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Digestive enzymes

26
Q

What do acinar cells contain?

A

Contain digestive enzymes stored as inactive zymogen granules

27
Q

What is the function of zymogens?

A

Prevents autodigestion of pancreas

28
Q

Explain Enterokinase

A

Bound to brush border of duodenal enterocytes which convert trypsinogen to trypsin

29
Q

What is the action of trypsin?

A

Converts all other zymogens to active forms

30
Q

What are some pancreatic enzyme groups?

A

Proteases
Nucleases
Elastases
Phospholipids
Lipases
Alpha-amylase

31
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

Cleave peptide bonds

32
Q

What is the function of nucleases?

A

Hydrolyse DNA/RNA

33
Q

What is the function of elastases?

A

Collagen digestion

34
Q

What is the function of phospholipidases?

A

Breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids

35
Q

What is the function of lipases?

A

Triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

36
Q

What is the function of alpha-amylase?

A

Starch to maltose and glucose

37
Q

What is bicarbonate secretion stimulated by?

A

Secretin secreted from S cells in response to acid in the duodenum

38
Q

What is zymogen secretion stimulated by?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) which is released in response to fat/ amino acids in duodenum
Also under neural control by arrival of organic nutrients in duodenum

The Alimentary Canal (33 decks)

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