Liver & Pancreas Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine function of pancreas
A
Produces hormones; insulin
2
Q
Exocrine function of pancreas
A
Pancreatic juice
3
Q
General pancreatic structure
A
- Similar to salivary glands
- Secretions move from intercalated duct into large duct
- Secreted into duodenum
4
Q
GOATS & SHEEP; specific pancreatic structure
A
- Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct before it enters the duodenum
5
Q
Composition of pancreatic juice
A
- HCO3- and Cl-
- Lipase
-Amylase - Proteases
6
Q
Activation of pancreatic enzymes
A
- All enzymes are secreted in inactive form
- Activated by trypsin
- Trypsin is formed in the duodenum by enteropeptidase
7
Q
Function of Pancreatic juice
A
- Alkaline (HCO3-); neutralises ingesta from stomach
-This provides optimal pH for enzymes and prevents injury to mucosa
8
Q
Phases of pancreatic juice secretion
A
- Cephalic and Gastric phases; enzyme production increases with feeding; more juice
- Intestinal phase; chyme entering duodenum increases pancreatic secretion: regulated by CCK & secretin
9
Q
What is secretin?
A
- Released from duodenum upon high acidity
- Stimulates HCO3- secretion
10
Q
What is CCK?
A
Cholecystokinin
- released when FAs and peptides/AAs increase in duodenum
- stimulates pancreas to increase enzyme secretion
- increased ingesta degradation
11
Q
Role of the liver
A
- Inactivate toxins, drugs etc.
- Lipid-soluble to water-soluble metabolites
- Excretion
- Producing plasma proteins
- Producing blood coagulation factors
- Production of cholesterol
- Excretion of bile pigments
12
Q
Bile Production
A
- Bile salts are transported from the hepatocytes into bile canaliculi
- The canaliculi feed into larger canals and then the bile duct
13
Q
Bile Storage
A
- Stored in the gallbladder
- Sphincter of Oddi = the band of smooth muscle between the bile duct and duodenum
14
Q
What are bile salts?
A
- Produced by cholesterol
- Conjugate bile acids (bound to AAs) attract sodium and become bile salts
- Bile salts digest fat in intestine
- Not lipid soluble
- Through entire SI until end reabsorbed
- Absorbed bile salts are returned to liver
15
Q
Regulation of bile secretion
A
- Parasympathetic; vagal nerves and secretin
16
Q
Species differences in bile secretion and storage
A
DOG & CAT; fat digestion is intermittent bile not always in intestine- useful to have a gallbladder
HORSE; no gallbladder- trickle feeders
17
Q
What is stored in the liver?
A
- Lipids
- Vitamins A
- Vitamins B
- Glycogen
18
Q
What is synthesised in the liver?
A
- Albumins
- Clotting factors
- Globulins
19
Q
What cells in the liver have an immune function?
A
Kupffer cells
20
Q
Liver location
A
- Cranial part of abdomen
- Immediately caudal to the diaphragm
- Bulk lies to the right in all species
- Ruminants its entirely right
- Gall bladder is between the right medial lobe and quadrate lobe
21
Q
What lobes of the liver do all common species have?
A
- Left lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Right lobe
- Caudate lobe
22
Q
What liver lobes do DOGS have?
A
- Left medial lobe
- Left lateral lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Right lateral lobe
- Right medial lobe
- Caudate lobe; caudate process and papillary process
23
Q
What liver lobes do PIGS have?
A
- Left lateral lobe
- Left medial lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Right lateral lobe
- Right medial lobe
- Caudate lobe; caudate process
NO PAPILLARY PROCESS
24
Q
What liver lobes do RUMINANTS have?
A
- Left lobe
- Right lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Caudal lobe; caudate process & papillary process
25
What liver lobes do HORSES have?
- Left lateral lobe
- Left medial lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Right lobe
- Caudate lobe; caudate process
NO PAPILLARY PROCESS
26
What liver lobes do RABBITS have?
- Left lateral lobe
- Left medial lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Right lobe
- Caudate lobe; caudate & papillary process
27
DOGS; location of the liver
- Fills space between 7th & 9th ribs on left hand side
- Reaches umbilical region
- Extends beyond costal arch slightly (more in puppies/heart failure)
LIVER BIOPSY: puncture caudal to the xiphoid process
28
HORSE; location of liver
- Lies completely within the ribcage
- Reaches 15th ICS on right side
LIVER BIOPSY; 12th ICS on a line between tuber coxae (hip) and shoulder ( right hand side)
LIVER BIOPSY; 8th ICS at level of deltoid tuberosity (left hand side)
29
COWS; location of liver
- Reaches dorsally as far as last rib
LIVER BIOPSY; 10th ICS 1/4th down length of rib
Gall bladder is in 10th ICS
30
Liver attachments
- Each lobe is covered by serosa (visceral peritoneum)
- Falciform ligament; between liver and diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall
- Hepatoduodenal & hepatogastric ligaments
- Right & left triangular; attach to diaphragm
- Coronary ligament
30
Liver attachments
- Each lobe is covered by serosa (visceral peritoneum)
- Falciform ligament; between liver and diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall
- Hepatoduodenal & hepatogastric ligaments
- Right & left triangular; attach to diaphragm
- Coronary ligament
31
Liver blood supply
- Dual blood supply
- Hepatic artery; fresh oxygenated blood
- Hepatic portal vein; carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen.
- Hepatic veins drain central veins of lobules into caudal vena cava
32
Liver innervation
- Innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
- Vagal trunk
- Sympathetic axons from celiac plexus
- Vagal axons pass through diaphragm with oesophagus
33
Hepatic lobule
- basic structure in the liver
- At each corner; arteriole (from hep a.), a venule (from portal v.) & bile duct
- 3 structures is called portal triad
34
Portal triad
- Arteriole & venule empty blood into the spongy lobule
- Leaking sinusoids; fenestrated leaky epithelium- permeable barrier
35
Bile duct
- Discharged into bile canaliculi
- Bile produced by sheets of hepatocytes
36
Pancreas location
- Dorsal part of abdominal cavity
- Right lobe next to descending duodenum
- Left lobe in greater omentum
37
Pancreatic blood supply
Coeliac a.
Cranial mesenteric a.
38
Ducts of pancreas
- Pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum together or beside the bile duct
- Accessory duct; opens of the opposite
