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structure & function 2 > Liver & Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver & Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Produces hormones; insulin

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2
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice

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3
Q

General pancreatic structure

A
  • Similar to salivary glands
  • Secretions move from intercalated duct into large duct
  • Secreted into duodenum
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4
Q

GOATS & SHEEP; specific pancreatic structure

A
  • Pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct before it enters the duodenum
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5
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice

A
  • HCO3- and Cl-
  • Lipase
    -Amylase
  • Proteases
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6
Q

Activation of pancreatic enzymes

A
  • All enzymes are secreted in inactive form
  • Activated by trypsin
  • Trypsin is formed in the duodenum by enteropeptidase
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7
Q

Function of Pancreatic juice

A
  • Alkaline (HCO3-); neutralises ingesta from stomach
    -This provides optimal pH for enzymes and prevents injury to mucosa
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8
Q

Phases of pancreatic juice secretion

A
  • Cephalic and Gastric phases; enzyme production increases with feeding; more juice
  • Intestinal phase; chyme entering duodenum increases pancreatic secretion: regulated by CCK & secretin
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9
Q

What is secretin?

A
  • Released from duodenum upon high acidity
  • Stimulates HCO3- secretion
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10
Q

What is CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin
- released when FAs and peptides/AAs increase in duodenum
- stimulates pancreas to increase enzyme secretion
- increased ingesta degradation

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11
Q

Role of the liver

A
  • Inactivate toxins, drugs etc.
  • Lipid-soluble to water-soluble metabolites
  • Excretion
  • Producing plasma proteins
  • Producing blood coagulation factors
  • Production of cholesterol
  • Excretion of bile pigments
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12
Q

Bile Production

A
  • Bile salts are transported from the hepatocytes into bile canaliculi
  • The canaliculi feed into larger canals and then the bile duct
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13
Q

Bile Storage

A
  • Stored in the gallbladder
  • Sphincter of Oddi = the band of smooth muscle between the bile duct and duodenum
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14
Q

What are bile salts?

A
  • Produced by cholesterol
  • Conjugate bile acids (bound to AAs) attract sodium and become bile salts
  • Bile salts digest fat in intestine
  • Not lipid soluble
  • Through entire SI until end reabsorbed
  • Absorbed bile salts are returned to liver
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15
Q

Regulation of bile secretion

A
  • Parasympathetic; vagal nerves and secretin
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16
Q

Species differences in bile secretion and storage

A

DOG & CAT; fat digestion is intermittent bile not always in intestine- useful to have a gallbladder
HORSE; no gallbladder- trickle feeders

17
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins A
  • Vitamins B
  • Glycogen
18
Q

What is synthesised in the liver?

A
  • Albumins
  • Clotting factors
  • Globulins
19
Q

What cells in the liver have an immune function?

A

Kupffer cells

20
Q

Liver location

A
  • Cranial part of abdomen
  • Immediately caudal to the diaphragm
  • Bulk lies to the right in all species
  • Ruminants its entirely right
  • Gall bladder is between the right medial lobe and quadrate lobe
21
Q

What lobes of the liver do all common species have?

A
  • Left lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right lobe
  • Caudate lobe
22
Q

What liver lobes do DOGS have?

A
  • Left medial lobe
  • Left lateral lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right lateral lobe
  • Right medial lobe
  • Caudate lobe; caudate process and papillary process
23
Q

What liver lobes do PIGS have?

A
  • Left lateral lobe
  • Left medial lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right lateral lobe
  • Right medial lobe
  • Caudate lobe; caudate process
    NO PAPILLARY PROCESS
24
Q

What liver lobes do RUMINANTS have?

A
  • Left lobe
  • Right lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Caudal lobe; caudate process & papillary process
25
Q

What liver lobes do HORSES have?

A
  • Left lateral lobe
  • Left medial lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right lobe
  • Caudate lobe; caudate process
    NO PAPILLARY PROCESS
26
Q

What liver lobes do RABBITS have?

A
  • Left lateral lobe
  • Left medial lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right lobe
  • Caudate lobe; caudate & papillary process
27
Q

DOGS; location of the liver

A
  • Fills space between 7th & 9th ribs on left hand side
  • Reaches umbilical region
  • Extends beyond costal arch slightly (more in puppies/heart failure)
    LIVER BIOPSY: puncture caudal to the xiphoid process
28
Q

HORSE; location of liver

A
  • Lies completely within the ribcage
  • Reaches 15th ICS on right side
    LIVER BIOPSY; 12th ICS on a line between tuber coxae (hip) and shoulder ( right hand side)
    LIVER BIOPSY; 8th ICS at level of deltoid tuberosity (left hand side)
29
Q

COWS; location of liver

A
  • Reaches dorsally as far as last rib
    LIVER BIOPSY; 10th ICS 1/4th down length of rib
    Gall bladder is in 10th ICS
30
Q

Liver attachments

A
  • Each lobe is covered by serosa (visceral peritoneum)
  • Falciform ligament; between liver and diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall
  • Hepatoduodenal & hepatogastric ligaments
  • Right & left triangular; attach to diaphragm
  • Coronary ligament
30
Q

Liver attachments

A
  • Each lobe is covered by serosa (visceral peritoneum)
  • Falciform ligament; between liver and diaphragm and ventral abdominal wall
  • Hepatoduodenal & hepatogastric ligaments
  • Right & left triangular; attach to diaphragm
  • Coronary ligament
31
Q

Liver blood supply

A
  • Dual blood supply
  • Hepatic artery; fresh oxygenated blood
  • Hepatic portal vein; carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen.
  • Hepatic veins drain central veins of lobules into caudal vena cava
32
Q

Liver innervation

A
  • Innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
  • Vagal trunk
  • Sympathetic axons from celiac plexus
  • Vagal axons pass through diaphragm with oesophagus
33
Q

Hepatic lobule

A
  • basic structure in the liver
  • At each corner; arteriole (from hep a.), a venule (from portal v.) & bile duct
  • 3 structures is called portal triad
34
Q

Portal triad

A
  • Arteriole & venule empty blood into the spongy lobule
  • Leaking sinusoids; fenestrated leaky epithelium- permeable barrier
35
Q

Bile duct

A
  • Discharged into bile canaliculi
  • Bile produced by sheets of hepatocytes
36
Q

Pancreas location

A
  • Dorsal part of abdominal cavity
  • Right lobe next to descending duodenum
  • Left lobe in greater omentum
37
Q

Pancreatic blood supply

A

Coeliac a.
Cranial mesenteric a.

38
Q

Ducts of pancreas

A
  • Pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum together or beside the bile duct
  • Accessory duct; opens of the opposite

structure & function 2 (16 decks)

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