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GI tract species comparison Flashcards

1
Q

The abdominal cavity

A

-dorsally vertebrae & muscles
- laterally abdominal muscles
-deeply concave diaphragm
- peritoneum; serous membrane lines cavity
-subserous tissue unites fascia & peritoneum

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2
Q

Serous membrane

A
  • lines abdominal cavity
    -made up of layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
  • PARIETAL SEROSA: lines wall of cavity
    -VISCERAL SEROSA: lines organs
    -CONNECTING SEROSA
    -makes serous fluid (peritoneal fluid)
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3
Q

Function of the serous membrane

A

Stops adhesions among organs and allows free movement

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4
Q

Peritoneum

A

-thin serous membrane
-lines abdominal and pelvic cavity
- parietal and visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

Connecting peritoneum

A

-Mesentery: between the intestinal and abdominal wall; jejunum
-Ligament: between visceral and parietal peritoneum or between two visceral peritoneum
-Omentum: between the stomach and abdominal organs/abdominal wall

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6
Q

Oesophagus

A

-Tunica mucosa projects into lumen
-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- Tunica muscularis with smooth or skeletal muscle
-Innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

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7
Q

Oesophagus species differences

A

TUNICA MUSCULARIS
in ruminants & dogs; entirely skeletal muscle
in humans & chickens; entirely smooth muscle
in horses & cats; distal third is smooth muscle rest is skeletal

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8
Q

Horse oesophagus

A

-Lumen narrows at the thoracic inlet; predisposed to impaction
- Nerve supply; vagus, glosso-pharyngeal and sympathetic parts
-Epithelium is keratinised

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9
Q

Horse; simple composite stomach

A

-Relatively small in size
-5-15lt capacity
- Lies on left side
- cannot vomit; acute entrance & muscular sphincters

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10
Q

Fundic Gland Region

A
  • the presence of surface mucous cells; feature of the epithelium of glandular stomach
  • simple columnar epithelium
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11
Q

Issue with horse mesentery

A

Length of mesentery; loops of small intestine can become twisted/trapped in natural openings

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12
Q

Horse: ileum to caecum

A

ileum enters the caecum from the medial side
the ileum is terminated at ileal papillae
ileum and caecum connected by ileocaecal fold

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13
Q

Horse: large intestine

A
  • bands/taeniae: longitudinal smooth muscle chords on the caecum and sections of the colon
    -sacculations: series of pouches in caecum and ventral colon
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14
Q

Types of colon in horses

A
  • Ascending colon; most modified part in two u-shaped loops
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
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15
Q

Order of the ascending colon

A

1) RVC
2) Sternal flexure
3) LVC
4) Pelvic Flexure
5) LDC
6) Diaphragmatic Flexure
7) RDC

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16
Q

Right side of the horse

A
  • Caecum fills the entire right flank, from the last intercostal space to the coxal tuberosity (hip)
  • Apex of caecum lies between the left and right ventral colons
  • RVC is narrow at first soon enlarges; attached to dorsal body wall
  • The RDC is dorsal to RVC within thoracic cage
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17
Q

Left side of horse

A
  • Most small intestine is left dorsal side
  • Stomach is completely in ribcage between 14-15 intercostal space
  • Spleen attached to kidney via nephrosplenic ligament
    -Ventral and dorsal colons are connected by short mesentry
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18
Q

Largest sites of impaction; horse

A
  • Pelvic Flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Caecum
  • Oesophagus
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19
Q

PIG; simple composite stomach

A
  • Diverticulum (pouch)
  • Cardiac potion is thin-walled and non-glandular
  • Pyloric region (downwards bend) and oesophagus are close
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20
Q

PIG; cardiac gland region of the stomach

A

-Lymphatic nodules
-Gastric pits (secrete gastric juices)
-Cardiac glands

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21
Q

PIG; large intestine

A
  • spiral colon but 3D; more cone-shaped than in ruminants
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22
Q

PIG; gastrointestinal tract

A

-jejunum is on the right
-caecum lies on the left
-more subtle sacculations than a horse

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23
Q

RABBIT; stomach

A

-small simple stomach
-Like horse well developed cardiac sphincter prevents vomiting

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24
Q

RABBIT; small intestine

A

-shorter than in other species
-end; sacculus rotundus
-ileocolic valve; from ileum to colon
-honeycomb texture; large number of lymph folicles

25
Sacculus rotundus
Spherical thick-walled enlargement at the junction between the ileum, cecum, and colon in rabbits
26
Ileocolic Valve
From ileum to colon in rabbits prevents backflow of ingesta
27
RABBIT; large intestine
-Caecum is coiled in right side of abdominal cavity -Sacculations
28
4 sections of ascending colon in rabbits
1) Ampulla Coli; mucosa have warts to increase surface area & mechanical separation of ingesta 2) Colon proximalis; single taenia, segmental and haustral contractions= separates liquid 3) Fusus coli; highly innervated & vascular, mucosal surface has longitudinal folds & goblet cells. differential pacemaker for peristalsis 4) Colon distalis; ends at rectum, mucosa has short crypts & goblet cells
29
Dog; oesophagus
-extends past the heart & penetrates the diaphragm -joins the stomach at 11th or 12th vertebrae
30
Dog; stomach
- c-shaped - food enters at cardiac sphincter leaves at the pyloric sphincter - the whole organ is covered in visceral peritoneum -simple stomach; composed mainly of glands that release gastric juices -folds (tunica mucosa)
31
Regions of stomach (top to bottom)
-Squamous epithelium -Cardiac region (not in horses) -Fundic region -Pyloric region
32
Glandular region of stomach; sections
1) Cardiac glands; mucous secreting 2) Fundic glands; secrete gastric juices 3) pyloric glands; 2x types of mucus and gastrin hormone
33
Types of cells in gastric glands
IN PITS IN STOMACH WALL -mucous cells -parietal cells -chief cells; protein secreting -endocrine cells
34
Types of peritoneum
- Parietal; lines the body - Visceral; lines organs -Connecting
35
Omentum; dogs
-lesser omentum; connects lesser curve to liver -greater omentum; connects greater curve to colon and pancreas -omental bursa; gaps enclosed by greater omentum
36
What organs are not covered by the greater omentum; dog
spleen descending duodenum bladder
37
Stomach blood supply; dog
3x branches of the coeliac artery -left gastric a. -hepatic a. -splenic a.
38
Intestinal blood supply; dogs
Cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries
39
Stomach and intestine innervation
- innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic NS - also enteric NS; mesh-like nerves, involuntary - Submucosal plexus (Meisner) -Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)
40
Ruminant; oesophagus
- Capable of anti-peristalsis - Has a dorsolateral aspect
41
Ruminant; complex and composite stomach: 4x compartments
-Rumen -Reticulum -Omasum -Abomasum -First 3x collectively forestomach
42
RUMINANT; left side foreguts
- Rumen caudal to reticulum -Rumen; fermentation vat separated into sacs (LEFT: dorsal & ventral) -Reticulum; pump causes liquid to flow in and out of rumen
43
RUMINANT; right side stomach
-Omasum; ventral-cranial abdomen between reticulum & cranial side of rumen -Abomasum; on abdominal floor at midline, 2x limbs fundic and pyloric
44
Grooves and pillars in Rumen
- Thickened smooth muscle separates sacs in rumen; pillars -Ruminal pillars; separate dorsal and ventral ruminal sacs -Coronary pillars; separate caudal blind sacs -Cranial pillar; separates dorsal and cranial sacs
45
RUMINANT; forestomach papillae
- mucosal projections; increase SA - reticulum; honeycomb-like -rumen; rug-like
46
RUMINANT; gastric/oesophageal groove
2x muscular folds form a groove from the cardia to the abomasum ingested milk can bypass the forestomach to avoid fermentation
47
RUMINANT; greater omentum
- superficial wall; from the left side of the rumen - deep wall; from the right side of rumen -both attach to descending duodenum
48
RUMINANT; omentum
- can promote healing and hemostasis - lesser omentum; arises from visceral surface of liver
49
FISH; types of stomach
Y-shaped U-shaped Absent Staright
50
FISH; specific GI features
- short oesophagus - pyloric sphincter; separate stomach & intestines - pyloric caeca; secrete enzymes - swim bladder arose from the oesophagus, connected to stomach by pneumatic duct
51
SERPENTS; mouth & diet
- all carnivores - teeth face backwards - venomous: pleurodonts, hollow teeth - venom glands derived from labial salivary gland - don't chew prey, enzymatic and mechanical digestion from stomach - disengage jaw @ mandibular symphysis
52
SERPENTS; GI SPECIFICS
- short GI tract - J-shaped stomach - pancreas & spleen fuse; splenopancreas - SI has small coils enclosed by mesentery
53
CROCODILES; GI specific
Two part stomach; glandular and muscular
54
LIZARDS; GI specifics
- teeth are either pleurodont or acrodont - J-shaped stomach - may have caecum - herbivores; sacculated colon -cloaca
55
TORTOISES; GI specifics
- keratinised beak instead of teeth - small caecum - hindgut fermentation
56
BIRDS; head & mouth
- beaks are bone covered in keratinised epidermis - beaks are adapted to diet - no teeth - not a lot of saliva
57
BIRDS; upper GI tract
- crop; enlargement of oesophagus - Store food & produce crop milk - Slough epithelial cells; feed young - Proventriculus; glandular stomach - Gizzard; muscular stomach
58
BIRDS; mid & lower GI tract
- similar duodenum, jejunum, ileum to mammals - paired caeca - cannot retain faeces
59
RODENTS; GI specifics
- no gall bladder in rats -cheek pouches - some engage in caecotrophy,

Structure & Function 2 (16 decks)

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