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Structure & Function 2 > GI tract species comparison > Flashcards

GI tract species comparison Flashcards

1
Q

The abdominal cavity

A

-dorsally vertebrae & muscles
- laterally abdominal muscles
-deeply concave diaphragm
- peritoneum; serous membrane lines cavity
-subserous tissue unites fascia & peritoneum

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2
Q

Serous membrane

A
  • lines abdominal cavity
    -made up of layer of simple squamous epithelial cells
  • PARIETAL SEROSA: lines wall of cavity
    -VISCERAL SEROSA: lines organs
    -CONNECTING SEROSA
    -makes serous fluid (peritoneal fluid)
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3
Q

Function of the serous membrane

A

Stops adhesions among organs and allows free movement

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4
Q

Peritoneum

A

-thin serous membrane
-lines abdominal and pelvic cavity
- parietal and visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

Connecting peritoneum

A

-Mesentery: between the intestinal and abdominal wall; jejunum
-Ligament: between visceral and parietal peritoneum or between two visceral peritoneum
-Omentum: between the stomach and abdominal organs/abdominal wall

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6
Q

Oesophagus

A

-Tunica mucosa projects into lumen
-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- Tunica muscularis with smooth or skeletal muscle
-Innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

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7
Q

Oesophagus species differences

A

TUNICA MUSCULARIS
in ruminants & dogs; entirely skeletal muscle
in humans & chickens; entirely smooth muscle
in horses & cats; distal third is smooth muscle rest is skeletal

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8
Q

Horse oesophagus

A

-Lumen narrows at the thoracic inlet; predisposed to impaction
- Nerve supply; vagus, glosso-pharyngeal and sympathetic parts
-Epithelium is keratinised

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9
Q

Horse; simple composite stomach

A

-Relatively small in size
-5-15lt capacity
- Lies on left side
- cannot vomit; acute entrance & muscular sphincters

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10
Q

Fundic Gland Region

A
  • the presence of surface mucous cells; feature of the epithelium of glandular stomach
  • simple columnar epithelium
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11
Q

Issue with horse mesentery

A

Length of mesentery; loops of small intestine can become twisted/trapped in natural openings

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12
Q

Horse: ileum to caecum

A

ileum enters the caecum from the medial side
the ileum is terminated at ileal papillae
ileum and caecum connected by ileocaecal fold

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13
Q

Horse: large intestine

A
  • bands/taeniae: longitudinal smooth muscle chords on the caecum and sections of the colon
    -sacculations: series of pouches in caecum and ventral colon
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14
Q

Types of colon in horses

A
  • Ascending colon; most modified part in two u-shaped loops
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
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15
Q

Order of the ascending colon

A

1) RVC
2) Sternal flexure
3) LVC
4) Pelvic Flexure
5) LDC
6) Diaphragmatic Flexure
7) RDC

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16
Q

Right side of the horse

A
  • Caecum fills the entire right flank, from the last intercostal space to the coxal tuberosity (hip)
  • Apex of caecum lies between the left and right ventral colons
  • RVC is narrow at first soon enlarges; attached to dorsal body wall
  • The RDC is dorsal to RVC within thoracic cage
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17
Q

Left side of horse

A
  • Most small intestine is left dorsal side
  • Stomach is completely in ribcage between 14-15 intercostal space
  • Spleen attached to kidney via nephrosplenic ligament
    -Ventral and dorsal colons are connected by short mesentry
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18
Q

Largest sites of impaction; horse

A
  • Pelvic Flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Caecum
  • Oesophagus
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19
Q

PIG; simple composite stomach

A
  • Diverticulum (pouch)
  • Cardiac potion is thin-walled and non-glandular
  • Pyloric region (downwards bend) and oesophagus are close
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20
Q

PIG; cardiac gland region of the stomach

A

-Lymphatic nodules
-Gastric pits (secrete gastric juices)
-Cardiac glands

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21
Q

PIG; large intestine

A
  • spiral colon but 3D; more cone-shaped than in ruminants
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22
Q

PIG; gastrointestinal tract

A

-jejunum is on the right
-caecum lies on the left
-more subtle sacculations than a horse

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23
Q

RABBIT; stomach

A

-small simple stomach
-Like horse well developed cardiac sphincter prevents vomiting

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24
Q

RABBIT; small intestine

A

-shorter than in other species
-end; sacculus rotundus
-ileocolic valve; from ileum to colon
-honeycomb texture; large number of lymph folicles

25
Q

Sacculus rotundus

A

Spherical thick-walled enlargement at the junction between the ileum, cecum, and colon in rabbits

26
Q

Ileocolic Valve

A

From ileum to colon in rabbits
prevents backflow of ingesta

27
Q

RABBIT; large intestine

A

-Caecum is coiled in right side of abdominal cavity
-Sacculations

28
Q

4 sections of ascending colon in rabbits

A

1) Ampulla Coli; mucosa have warts to increase surface area & mechanical separation of ingesta
2) Colon proximalis; single taenia, segmental and haustral contractions= separates liquid
3) Fusus coli; highly innervated & vascular, mucosal surface has longitudinal folds & goblet cells. differential pacemaker for peristalsis
4) Colon distalis; ends at rectum, mucosa has short crypts & goblet cells

29
Q

Dog; oesophagus

A

-extends past the heart & penetrates the diaphragm
-joins the stomach at 11th or 12th vertebrae

30
Q

Dog; stomach

A
  • c-shaped
  • food enters at cardiac sphincter leaves at the pyloric sphincter
  • the whole organ is covered in visceral peritoneum
    -simple stomach; composed mainly of glands that release gastric juices
    -folds (tunica mucosa)
31
Q

Regions of stomach (top to bottom)

A

-Squamous epithelium
-Cardiac region (not in horses)
-Fundic region
-Pyloric region

32
Q

Glandular region of stomach; sections

A

1) Cardiac glands; mucous secreting
2) Fundic glands; secrete gastric juices
3) pyloric glands; 2x types of mucus and gastrin hormone

33
Q

Types of cells in gastric glands

A

IN PITS IN STOMACH WALL
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
-chief cells; protein secreting
-endocrine cells

34
Q

Types of peritoneum

A
  • Parietal; lines the body
  • Visceral; lines organs
    -Connecting
35
Q

Omentum; dogs

A

-lesser omentum; connects lesser curve to liver
-greater omentum; connects greater curve to colon and pancreas
-omental bursa; gaps enclosed by greater omentum

36
Q

What organs are not covered by the greater omentum; dog

A

spleen
descending duodenum
bladder

37
Q

Stomach blood supply; dog

A

3x branches of the coeliac artery
-left gastric a.
-hepatic a.
-splenic a.

38
Q

Intestinal blood supply; dogs

A

Cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries

39
Q

Stomach and intestine innervation

A
  • innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
  • also enteric NS; mesh-like nerves, involuntary
  • Submucosal plexus (Meisner)
    -Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)
40
Q

Ruminant; oesophagus

A
  • Capable of anti-peristalsis
  • Has a dorsolateral aspect
41
Q

Ruminant; complex and composite stomach: 4x compartments

A

-Rumen
-Reticulum
-Omasum
-Abomasum
-First 3x collectively forestomach

42
Q

RUMINANT; left side foreguts

A
  • Rumen caudal to reticulum
    -Rumen; fermentation vat separated into sacs (LEFT: dorsal & ventral)
    -Reticulum; pump causes liquid to flow in and out of rumen
43
Q

RUMINANT; right side stomach

A

-Omasum; ventral-cranial abdomen between reticulum & cranial side of rumen
-Abomasum; on abdominal floor at midline, 2x limbs fundic and pyloric

44
Q

Grooves and pillars in Rumen

A
  • Thickened smooth muscle separates sacs in rumen; pillars
    -Ruminal pillars; separate dorsal and ventral ruminal sacs
    -Coronary pillars; separate caudal blind sacs
    -Cranial pillar; separates dorsal and cranial sacs
45
Q

RUMINANT; forestomach papillae

A
  • mucosal projections; increase SA
  • reticulum; honeycomb-like
    -rumen; rug-like
46
Q

RUMINANT; gastric/oesophageal groove

A

2x muscular folds form a groove from the cardia to the abomasum
ingested milk can bypass the forestomach to avoid fermentation

47
Q

RUMINANT; greater omentum

A
  • superficial wall; from the left side of the rumen
  • deep wall; from the right side of rumen
    -both attach to descending duodenum
48
Q

RUMINANT; omentum

A
  • can promote healing and hemostasis
  • lesser omentum; arises from visceral surface of liver
49
Q

FISH; types of stomach

A

Y-shaped
U-shaped
Absent
Staright

50
Q

FISH; specific GI features

A
  • short oesophagus
  • pyloric sphincter; separate stomach & intestines
  • pyloric caeca; secrete enzymes
  • swim bladder arose from the oesophagus, connected to stomach by pneumatic duct
51
Q

SERPENTS; mouth & diet

A
  • all carnivores
  • teeth face backwards
  • venomous: pleurodonts, hollow teeth
  • venom glands derived from labial salivary gland
  • don’t chew prey, enzymatic and mechanical digestion from stomach
  • disengage jaw @ mandibular symphysis
52
Q

SERPENTS; GI SPECIFICS

A
  • short GI tract
  • J-shaped stomach
  • pancreas & spleen fuse; splenopancreas
  • SI has small coils enclosed by mesentery
53
Q

CROCODILES; GI specific

A

Two part stomach; glandular and muscular

54
Q

LIZARDS; GI specifics

A
  • teeth are either pleurodont or acrodont
  • J-shaped stomach
  • may have caecum
  • herbivores; sacculated colon
    -cloaca
55
Q

TORTOISES; GI specifics

A
  • keratinised beak instead of teeth
  • small caecum
  • hindgut fermentation
56
Q

BIRDS; head & mouth

A
  • beaks are bone covered in keratinised epidermis
  • beaks are adapted to diet
  • no teeth
  • not a lot of saliva
57
Q

BIRDS; upper GI tract

A
  • crop; enlargement of oesophagus
  • Store food & produce crop milk
  • Slough epithelial cells; feed young
  • Proventriculus; glandular stomach
  • Gizzard; muscular stomach
58
Q

BIRDS; mid & lower GI tract

A
  • similar duodenum, jejunum, ileum to mammals
  • paired caeca
  • cannot retain faeces
59
Q

RODENTS; GI specifics

A
  • no gall bladder in rats
    -cheek pouches
  • some engage in caecotrophy,

Structure & Function 2 (16 decks)

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