Liver, gallbladder, pancreas Flashcards
What is jaundice?
yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by a high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues
Where is the first place jaundice can be seen in the body?
the eyes (icteric sclera)
high bilirubin levels?
> 2-2.5
What is hemolytic Jaundice?
an increase in red blood cell breakdown
what causes hemolytic jaundice?
transfusion reactions, a lot of blood transfusions recently, or roller clam pumps
Why does hepatocellular jaundice occur?
the liver is unable to take up bilirubin from the blood and conjugate it meaning the liver is not working
Is conjugated bilirubin water-soluble?
yes
Why does obstructive jaundice occur?
bile flow is obstructed
what causes obstructive jaundice and obstruction of bile flow?
gall stones, cancers, cholangiocarcinoma
A patient comes into the clinic with tea-colored urine, light-colored stools, itchiness, and elevated ALT and AST; what diagnosis would you expect?
jaundice
What is cholelithiasis?
gall stones
What are the risk factors for gallstones?
women over the age of 40, high estrogen and multiparty, obese, sedentary lifestyle, and familial tendencies
What is the purpose of bile?
bile comes from the liver and helps digest lipids and transport waste out of the body
What makes up bile?
bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts, water, calcium, and protein
What do gallstones mainly consist of?
cholesterol
How do gallstones form?
stones form from a stasis of bile that causes a supersaturation of cholesterol and a precipitate to form
What signs and symptoms would an individual with cholelithiasis present with?
Right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder and occurs 3-6 hours after a high-fat meal, icteric jaundice S/S, bleeding, steatorrhea, and an intolerance to fatty foods
What signs and symptoms would an individual with cholecystitis present with?
Right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder and occurs 3-6 hours after a high-fat meal, fever, nausea and vomiting, restlessness, diaphoresis, and peritoneal involvement
how does cholecystitis occur?
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones, biliary sludge, fasting, infection, TPN, and DM
What are the long-term effects of cholecystitis?
the gallbladder becomes edematous and hyperemic causing distension and scarring overtime which decreases the function
What labs can be analyzed to confirm cholecystitis?
bilirubin, liver enzymes, WBC’s, and amylase + lipase
What is pancreatitis?
acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas that ranges from mild edema to severe hemorrhagic necrosis
Who typically presents with pancreatitis?
middle-aged african americans
What is the most common cause of pancreatitis in women?
gallbladder disease
