Liver and Gall Bladder

Question 1

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

Answer 1

right, left, quadrate, caudate

Question 2

Ligaments of the liver

Answer 2

falciform ligament: sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

round ligament: carries blood from the umbilical cord to the liver of a fetus

Question 3

Vessels attached to the liver

Answer 3

• hepatic portal vein
• hepatic arteries
• hepatic veins

Question 4

Types of liver cells

Answer 4

• hepatocyte
• stellate macrophages

Question 5

Function of hepatocytes

Answer 5

• absorbs glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage
• remove and degrade hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs
• secretes albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen
• breakdown stored glycogen and release glucose into the circulation

Question 6

Function of stellate macrophages

Answer 6

remove bacteria and particulate debris from the blood

Question 7

How does blood flow to the liver?

Answer 7

hepatic portal vein: brings blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen

hepatic arteries: delivers oxygen to the liver

Question 8

How does blood flow from the liver?

Answer 8

• central vein
• hepatic veins
• empties into the inferior vena cava

Question 9

Which vessels are oxygen-rich?

Answer 9

hepatic arteries

Question 10

Which vessels are oxygen-poor?

Answer 10

hepatic portal vein

Question 11

Which vessels are nutrient rich?

Answer 11

hepatic portal vein

Question 12

What is a lobule?

Answer 12

structural unit of the liver

Question 13

How many lobules are in each lobe?

Answer 13

100,000

Question 14

What are the components of each lobule?

Answer 14

hexagonal collections of hepatocytes partitioned by connective tissue

Question 15

How does blood flow through the lobules?

Answer 15

• blood enters the liver sinusoids via the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries
• blood collects in the central vein at the core of the lobule after being processed by the hepatocytes
• blood collects in the central vein then empties into the inferior vena cava via the hepatic veins

Question 16

What is bile?

Answer 16

watery solution of minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, bile acids, and lipid-transport vesicles

Question 17

Where is bile made?

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

What are bile salts?

Answer 18

steroids synthesized from cholesterol

Question 19

What do bile salts do?

Answer 19

aids in fat digestion and absorption

Question 20

What is the route bile takes?

Answer 20

• bile is secreted by hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi
• bile flows into the bile ductules
• bile ductules converge to form left and right hepatic ducts
• left and right hepatic ducts form the common hepatic duct
• common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct to form the bile duct
• bile duct joints with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla
• hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum

Question 21

General functions of the liver

Answer 21

• bile production
• storage and release of glycogen, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• conversion of nutrients
• detoxification
• synthesis of plasma proteins
• phagocytosis

Question 22

Functions of the gallbladder

Answer 22

receives, stores, and concentrates bile produced by the liver

Question 23

What causes the release of bile into the intestines?

Answer 23

cholecystokinin (CCK) triggers contractions of the gallbladder and relaxation of the hepatosphincter, discharging bile into the duodenum

Question 24

What does the bile travel through to get from the gallbladder to the duodenum?

Answer 24

• gallbladder
• cystic duct
• bile duct
• hepatopancreatic duct
• major duodenal papilla
• duodenum

Question 25

What are gallstones?

Answer 25

hard masses in the gallbladder or bile ducts composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin