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CLINICAL CHEM > LIVER > Flashcards

LIVER Flashcards

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1
Q

where does the liver get most of its blood supply.

A

portal vein

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2
Q

where does the liver get the 2nd most of its blood supply

A

heptatic artery

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3
Q

what organ helps maintain body homoeostasis

A

liver

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4
Q

what substances in the blood does the liver regulate

A

cholesterol and glucose

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5
Q

what does the liver synthesize and secrete

A

blood proteins

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6
Q

what is the most common blood protein the liver synthesizes and produces

A

albumin

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7
Q

if the liver is not functioning properly due to albumin what does it cause

A

edema

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8
Q

what organ makes clotting factors

A

liver

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9
Q

def? a greenish fluid synthesized by hepatocytes

A

bile

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10
Q

where is bile secreted

A

biliary ducts

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11
Q

what kind of molecules are cholesterol

A

lipid

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12
Q

what lipoprotein helps maintain the physical integrity of cells

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

what carries cholesterol and fatty acids to the liver and body tissues

A

lipoproteins

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14
Q

what kind of disease affect serum lipid levels (increased)

A

cholestatic diseases

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15
Q

what kind of glucose is stored in the liver

A

glycogen

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16
Q

what kind of vitamins are stored in the liver

A

folate and VIT B12

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17
Q

what kind of minerals are stored in the liver

A

copper and iron

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18
Q

what disease cannot secrete copper into bile normally

A

wilson’s disease

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19
Q

in Wilson’s disease what will be low in the blood

A

ceruloplasmin

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20
Q

def? copper-binding protein

A

ceruloplasmin

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21
Q

if copper cannot be secreted properly in Wilson’s disease what do you expect to have high levels of in the liver

A

copper

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22
Q

if copper accumulates in the liver what can this lead to

A

cirrhosis

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23
Q

how does the liver detoxify harmful substances

A

breaks them down into less harmful compounds

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24
Q

what does the liver detoxify ammonia to

A

urea

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25
Q

where is urea excreted

A

urine

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26
Q

why does ammonia levels increase in the blood of someone with severe liver disease

A

decreased blood removal and decreased ability to form urea

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27
Q

if elevated ammonia levels increase in the blood and it affects the brain what can it cause

A

hepatic encephalopathy

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28
Q

def? a yellow pigment formed as a breakdown product of red blood cell hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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29
Q

what does the liver detoxify bilirubin to

A

conjugated bilirubin –> bile

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30
Q

what disease has Increased production or decreased clearance of bilirubin

A

jaundice

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31
Q

what disease causes hormonal imbalances

A

chronic liver disease

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32
Q

a man with cirrhosis will have increase level of what hormone

A

estrogen

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33
Q

t or f: pts with hepatic disease can take lots of medicine that is metabolized by liver

A

F

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34
Q

what is referred to as the great chemical factory

A

liver

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35
Q

what is the main digestive chemical that is synthesized by liver

A

bile

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36
Q

during a meal what does the liver secrete to help break down food in the small intestine

A

bile

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37
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

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38
Q

Bile further serves as a waste disposal system for ____

A

toxins

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39
Q

what system is the liver apart of

A

gastrointestinal system

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40
Q

what processes all of the gastrointestinal blood

A

liver

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41
Q

where does the liver deliver the gastrointestinal blood

A

right side of the heart

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42
Q

def? An infection of the liver with a virus

A

hepatitis

43
Q

what happens to a liver with hepatitis

A

inflammation

44
Q

what happens to the liver with chronic hepatitis

A

inflammation causes scarring

45
Q

how is hepatitis transmitted

A

blood contact

46
Q

what kind of hepatitis is caused by the hep A virus

A

Hepatitis A

47
Q

what kind of virus is hep A virus

A

RNA

48
Q

how is Hep A diagnosed

A

serologic detection of hepatitis ab

49
Q

in hep A what immnunoglobin peaks at week 1 and disappears by week 8

A

IgM

50
Q

in hep A what immnunoglobin peaks at 1-2 months and persist for years

A

IgG

51
Q

what kind of virus is Hep B virus

A

DNA

52
Q

what disease has these symptoms: irregular fevers, right upper quadrant tenderness, jaundice, and dark urine.

A

hep B

53
Q

what kind of virus is Hep C virus

A

RNA

54
Q

T or F: hep C virus is found in blood and body fluids

A

T

55
Q

T or F: hep B virus is found in blood and body fluids

A

T

56
Q

T or F: hep A virus is found in blood and body fluids

A

F

57
Q

what causes jaundice

A

increased bilirubin in blood

58
Q

what enzyme attaches glucuronic acid to unconjugated bilirubin to make it conjugated

A

UDP- glucuronlytransferase

59
Q

what makes conjugated bilirubin into urobilinogen in the intestines

A

GI bacteria

60
Q

In Gilbert’s disease total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

61
Q

In crigler-najjar syndrome total bilirubin in serum is

A

increase

62
Q

In Dublin-johnson total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

63
Q

In rotor syndrome total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

64
Q

In jaundice of newborn total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

65
Q

In posthepatic total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

66
Q

In Gilbert’s disease conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

normal

67
Q

In prehepatic conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

normal

68
Q

In crigler-nijjar syndrome conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

decreased

69
Q

In Dublin-johnson conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

70
Q

In rotor syndrome conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

71
Q

In jaundice of newborn conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

normal

72
Q

In post hepatic conjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

73
Q

In prehepatic total bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

74
Q

In Gilbert’s disease unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

75
Q

In pre hepatic unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

76
Q

In crigler-najjar syndrome unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

77
Q

In dubin-johnson unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

normal

78
Q

In rotor syndrome unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

normal

79
Q

In jaundice of newborn unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

80
Q

In posthepatic unconjugated bilirubin in serum is

A

increased

81
Q

what causes pre hepatic jaundice

A

too many RBC are broken down

82
Q

def? liver inflammation due to a variety of causes including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viral infections, alcohol abuse, and some medications and toxins.

A

acute hepatitis

83
Q

def?: a mild inherited condition associated with decreased bilirubin conjugation due to a decrease in enzyme activity

A

gilbert syndrome

84
Q

what does a ultrasound detect for jaundice

A

gallstone or blockage

85
Q

why is it common for babies to have jaundice

A

their liver is not able to cope with the normal break down of RBC

86
Q

t or F: liver cancer is very common

A

T

87
Q

what are early signs of liver cancer

A

belly aches and involuntary weight loss

88
Q

what is screened for in the blood of someone with liver cancer

A

alpha-fetoprotein

89
Q

what kind of bilirubin is water soluble

A

conjugated

90
Q

if conjugated (direct) bilirubin is elevated where is the problem

A

outside the liver

91
Q

if the problem is outside of the liver what is the most likely cause of elevated conjugated bilirubin

A

gallstone

92
Q

what is damaged if direct bilirubin is low while total bilirubin is high

A

liver cells or bile duct

93
Q

_________ Bilirubin + diazotized sulfanilic acid → azobilirubin
(purple colored)

A

conjugated

94
Q

______ Bilirubin + diazotized sulfanilic acid+ 50%methonal→ purple colored compd

A

total

95
Q

________ bilirubin = Total Bilirubin – conjugated bilirubin

A

unconjugated

96
Q

what enzyme is primarily present in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in kidney and skeletal muscle

A

ALT

97
Q

what enzyme reflects damage to the hepatic cell. It is less specific for liver disease

A

AST

98
Q

what enzyme is elevated in primary biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis.

A

ALP

99
Q

what enzyme is found in high conc in the kidney and the liver

A

GGT

100
Q

what enzyme is released when organs such as the liver, heart, lung, or brain are injured

A

lactic dehydrogenase

101
Q

what enzyme is released by the liver when the liver is injured due to bile duct obstruction or impaired bile flow.

A

5-nucleotidase

102
Q

what protein is produced by the fetal liver and testes, indicating hepatitis or cancer.

A

alpha-fetoprotein

103
Q

what kind of ab is present in primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, and certain other autoimmune disorders

A

mitochondrial

104
Q

Urobilinogen + __________→ red color compd

A

p-dimethylbenzaldehyde

CLINICAL CHEM (7 decks)

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