Lists Flashcards
What are the 4 main groups of biomolecules?
1) Proteins
2) Lipids
3) Carbs
4) Nucleic acids
What the 2 types of metabolism?
1) Catabolism - breaking down
2) Anabolism - building up
What are the 5 types of biochemical transformations?
1) Group transfer
2) Redox
3) Rearrangement
4) Cleavage
5) Condensation
Which amino acids are non-polar?
1) Glycine
2) Alanine
3) Valine
4) Leucine
5) Isoleucine
6) Proline
7) Methionine
Which amino acids are aromatic?
1) Phenylalanine
2) Tyrosine
3) Tryptophan
Which amino acids are polar and uncharged?
1) Serine
2) Threonine
3) Cysteine
4) Asparagine
5) Glutamine
Which amino acids are negative at pH 7?
1) Aspartate
2) Glutamate
Which amino acids are positive at pH 7?
1) Lysine
2) Arginine
3) Histidine
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Describe each level
1) Primary - amino acid sequence
2) Secondary - conformational patterns of polypeptide chain, stabilized by H bonds
3) Tertiary - 3D structure
4) Quaternary - interaction of 2 or more globular polypeptides
What does Sanger protein sequencing involve?
1) Hydrolysis of the polypeptide
2) Separating the small fragments and determining AA sequence
3) Alignment of the small sequences to generate the complete sequence
What are the determining features of the alpha-helix?
1) Peptide bond has planar or double bond character
2) H bonds between every 4th AA
3) R groups point away from the helix
What are features that disrupt the alpha-helix?
1) Electrostatic repulsion
2) Bulky R-groups
3) Small residues (favour conversion to beta)
4) Proline in the middle of the helix b/c it can’t become planar
What are characteristics of a beta-sheet?
1) Peptide bonds are planar
2) H-bonds form between residues in adjacent strands
3) Usually small R-groups
What are stabilizing features of a proteins tertiary structure?
1) Hydrophobic effect
2) Disulfide bonds
3) Electrostatic/ionic interactions
4) H-bonds
5) Metal chelation
What categories can proteins be purified into?
1) Charge
2) Size
3) Solubility
4) Affinity for materials
What are the classifications of enzymes and what do they do?
1) Oxidoreductases - transfer electrons as H or H-
2) Transferases - transfer groups between molecules
3) Hydrolases - add functional groups to water
4) Lyases - form double bonds
5) Isomerases - isomerize by group transfer
6) Ligases - form C-C, C-S, C-O, and C-N bonds
What are some effects of ES formation?
1) Increase in energy
2) Decrease in entropy
3) Desolvation
4) Induced fit
5) Alignment of groups that must react
How does an enzyme recognize and bind a substrate?
1) Shape consistency or fit
2) Electrostatic consistency
3) Thermodynamic consistency
What are uses of binding energy?
1) Entropy reduction
2) Desolvation
3) Strain reduction
What are types of enzyme specificity?
1) Optical (chiral)
2) Geometric
3) Diastereometric
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
1) Energy transport and storage
2) Structural
3) Information
What are the 2 types of starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
What are the 2 structural polysaccharides?
Cellulose and peptidoglycan
What are the functions of nucleotides?
1) Precursors of RNA and DNA
2) High energy sources
3) Regulatory signals
4) Coenzymes
5) High energy intermediates in metabolism
What are the major types of RNA found in cells?
1) Messenger RNA
2) Transfer RNA
3) Ribosomal RNA
4) Micro RNA
What are the 5 common mutations in DNA?
1) Deamination of C -> U
2) Depurination
3) UV light
4) Oxidative damage
5) Chemicals and mutagenic agents
What are the major biological roles of lipids?
1) Components of membranes
2) Storage form of carbon and energy
3) Insulation barriers
4) Protective coatings
5) Precursors of other substances
6) Some vitamins and hormones
What are properties of fatty acids?
1) pKa ~ 4.5-5.0
2) Melting point increases with increasing chain length
3) Solubility - water-soluble up to C6 and then only in non-polar solvents
4) Amphipathic
5) Structure - formation of micelles
What are the 2 main types of lipids?
Storage and membrane
What are properties of triacylglycerols?
1) Melting point increases with chain length and with decreasing unsaturation
2) Triglycerides are most abundant family of lipids
3) Fat has 2x more energy per unit mass
4) Insulation
5) Buoyancy
What are the types of membrane lipids?
1) Glycerophospholipids
2) Sphingolipids
What are the types of sphingolipids?
1) Sphingomyelins
2) Glycosphingolipids
3) Gangliosides
What are the functions of biomembranes?
1) Define cell boundaries
2) Regulate traffic in and out
3) Compartmentalize internal space
4) Organize complex reaction sequences
5) Central to energy conservation and cell to cell communication
What are the 2 different membrane proteins?
Peripheral and integral membrane proteins
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
1) Structural
2) Transport proteins
3) Enzyme
4) Receptor proteins
What are the classes of integral membrane proteins?
1) Traverse membrane as single alpha-helix
2) Traverse membrane as 4-12 alpha-helices
3) 8-16 beta-strands form a giant beta-barrel
What are the classes of carriers across membranes?
1) Uniport
2) Symport
3) Antiport
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
1) Energy is neither created nor destroyed
2) Entropy of the universe is always increasing b/c it is favourable
How are electrons transferred?
1) Directly
2) As H atoms
3) Part of a hydride ion (:H-) which has 2 electrons
4) Direct combination with oxygen
What are common electron carriers?
1) NAD+
2) NADP+
3) FAD
4) FMN
How does ATP retain energy and why does hydrolysis release the energy?
1) Relief of charge repulsion
2) More resonance forms of ADP + Pi than of ATP
3) When hydrolysis occurs, ADP immediately dissociates one more proton which contributes to the negative delta G
4) Hydrolysis products are solvated by water molecules, further stabilizing products
Which processes can produce ATP?
1) Substrate level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation
3) Photophosphorylation
What are the electron carriers involved in the electron transport chain?
1) Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
2) Cytochromes
3) Fe-S proteins
What are the various complexes in the electron transport chain?
1) NADH dehydrogenase
2) Succinate dehydrogenase
3) UQ-Cyt c oxidoreductase
4) Cytochrome oxidase
