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biology > list 8 vocab evolution > Flashcards

list 8 vocab evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Amino acid sequencing

A

the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides

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2
Q

Biogeography

A

the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals

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3
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species

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4
Q

Common ancestory

A

having descended from one ancestor

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5
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence

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6
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge

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7
Q

Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Tree

A

a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time

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8
Q

Homology

A

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure

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9
Q

Phenotypic similarity

A

a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families

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10
Q

Sedimentary layers

A

types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the Earth’s surface, followed by cementation

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11
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

when species are reproductively isolated from others due to differences in behavior

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12
Q

Competition

A

an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply

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13
Q

Gene pool

A

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

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14
Q

Genetic variation

A

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

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15
Q

Geographic isolation

A

the physical separation of populations or organisms from one another due to geographical barriers

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16
Q

Morphology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures

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17
Q

Phenotypic expression

A

The observable characteristics in an organism that results from the expression of genes

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18
Q

Physiology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

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19
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences

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20
Q

Sexual selection

A

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex

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21
Q

Trait

A

a genetically determined characteristic

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22
Q

Advantageous trait

A

trait that makes organisms more likely to survive and reproduce in its environment

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23
Q

Distribution

A

the general structure of the species population

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24
Q

Divergent evolution

A

the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation

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25
Q

Gene frequency

A

the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population

26
Q

Phenotypic variation

A

the amount of variation of a particular trait within a population

27
Q

Survival rate

A

a measurement from tracking large numbers of individuals through time to estimate the likelihood of different classes of individuals staying alive from one year to the next

28
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

29
Q

Geologic record

A

the entirety of the layers of rock strata

30
Q

Phylogeny

A

the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis

31
Q

Adaptation

A

the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments

32
Q

Speciation

A

the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species

33
Q

Extinction

A

the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member

34
Q

Natural selection

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

35
Q

Gene flow

A

the transfer of genetic material from one population to another

36
Q

Divergent evolution

A

the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct

37
Q

Descent with modification

A

the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor

38
Q

Microevolution

A

the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population

39
Q

Transitional species

A

a species that is intermediate between two different species

40
Q

Embryology

A

the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development

41
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change

42
Q

Gradualism

A

a theory that changes of organic life and of the Earth itself occur through gradual increments, and often that transitions between different states are more or less continual and slow rather than periodic and rapid

43
Q

Overproduction of offspring

A

when species reproduce many more offspring than can possibly survive

44
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

45
Q

Coevolution

A

when two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution through the process of natural selection

46
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils

47
Q

Vestigial structures

A

physical structures such as an organ, appendage, or cellular component that, through evolution, has become reduced from its ancestral condition and no longer functions

48
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing

49
Q

Genetic drift

A

the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random chance

50
Q

Analogous structure

A

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

51
Q

Mutation

A

an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA

52
Q

Fossil

A

the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments, such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers

53
Q

Anatomical evidence

A

the similarities and differences between the body structures of different species

54
Q

Homologous structure

A

similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa

55
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

56
Q

biochemical evidence

A

evidence of evolution based on the fact that certain enzymes and chemical processes are found in the cells of all or nearly all life on Earth

57
Q

Macroevolution

A

the evolution of taxa above the species level

58
Q

fitness

A

a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success

59
Q

nonrandom meeting

A

when organisms prefer to mate with others of the same genotype or of different genotypes

60
Q

species

A

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or breeding

biology (9 decks)

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