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biology > evolution test > Flashcards

evolution test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Darwin inferred that all organisms descended from a…

A

common ancestor

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2
Q

What is evolution?

A

A gradual change in heritable traits over time

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3
Q

Individuals in a population show variation due to what 2 things?

A

Mutation and meiosis

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4
Q

What is competition?

A

Two animals trying to access the same limited resources

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5
Q

What’s another name for natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

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6
Q

What is fitness?

A

The ability of an organism to survive in its environment and mate successfully

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7
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

When the moderate trait is favored over the two extremes

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8
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

When the two extreme traits are favored over the moderate trait

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9
Q

What is directional selection?

A

When one extreme is favored over the other

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10
Q

Who else came up with natural selection besides Darwin?

A

Alfred Wallace

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11
Q

Genetic drift is a change in…

A

allele frequencies

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12
Q

T/F: Genetic drift is complete luck/chance

A

True

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13
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a small proportion of a population establishes a new population with a different allele frequency

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14
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a small proportion of the original population survives, causing a sudden change in allele frequency

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15
Q

What four processes are involved in natural selection?

A

-Genetic variation
-Overproduction of offspring
-Struggle for existence
-Differential survival and reproduction

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of evidence used to prove evolution?

A

-Vestigial structures
-Anatomical evidence
-Molecular evidence
-Embryological evidence
-Fossil evidence

17
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution?

18
Q

A hybrid is a cross between…

A

different species

19
Q

What causes speciation to occur?

A

When populations are reproductively isolated

20
Q

What are the two types of speciation?

A

Allopatric and sympatric

21
Q

What are prezygotic barriers?

A

Barriers that occur before zygote formation (they prevent successful mating)

22
Q

What are examples of prezygotic barriers

A

-Behavioral isolation
-Gametic isolation
-Temporal isolation
-Habitat isolation
-Mechanical isolation

23
Q

What are postzygotic barriers?

A

Barriers that occur after a zygote has formed

24
Q

If two different species interbreed and have a zygote, what can cause problems?

A

The chromosomal mismatch

25
Q

What problems can chromosomal mismatches cause?

A

-It could be lethal to the embryo
-Can result in an unhealthy individual
-The embryo is infertile

26
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

When populations of species become geographically isolated

27
Q

What is sympatric isolation?

A

When speciation occurs without geographical isolation

28
Q

What else can speciation cause?

A

Extinction

29
Q

What else can cause extinction?

A

-New diseases
-New, successful competitors
-New predators
-A single catastrophic event
-A change in the environment

30
Q

What type of population is most vulnerable of genetic drift?

A

Small populations

31
Q

What is strata?

A

Rock layers that scientists study to observe evolution

32
Q

What are sudden changes in the rock strata called?

A

catastrophism

33
Q

What is Uniformitarianism?

A

Geological processes have changed the shape of Earth

34
Q

What is gradualism?

A

The idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations

35
Q

What is punctuated equillibrium

A

When speciation occurs quickly, in rapid bursts with long periods of genetic equilibrium in between

36
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

a number of different species diverge from a common ancestor

37
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

evolution among different groups of organisms living in similar environments produces species that are similar in appearance and behavior

38
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups

39
Q

What are the classifications in taxonomy?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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