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biology > DNA/Hereditary test :| > Flashcards

DNA/Hereditary test :| Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of macro molecule is DNA/RNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids made of

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base

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4
Q

What is Thymine replaced with in RNA?

A

Uracil

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5
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

Adenine with Thymine/Uracil, Cytosine with Guanine

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6
Q

What is the backbone of DNA/RNA made of

A

A (deoxy)ribose sugar and a phosphate

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7
Q

What binds the phosphate and nitrogen bases together?

A

Sugar

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8
Q

What’s the difference between pyrimidine and purine?

A

Pyrimidine is a base with a single ring. Purines are bases with two rings.

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9
Q

What are the sugar and phosphate bonds between nucleotides called?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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10
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

(Transfer RNA) It carries amino acids

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11
Q

what does mRNA do

A

(messenger RNA) used to build protein

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12
Q

what does rRNA do

A

(ribosomal RNA) makes up parts of ribosomes

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13
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryote cells when it comes to DNA and RNA?

A

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA/RNA can be found in the nucleus. In Prokaryote cells, DNA/RNA is only in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What are the stages of mitosis.

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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15
Q

What does the helicase do

A

Unzips the DNA

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16
Q

What does DNA polymerase do

A

Adds complementary free nucleotides to both unzipped strands of DNA

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17
Q

What does semi conservative mean

A

It describes replication where each copy of DNA reserves one strand from the original DNA

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18
Q

DNA Polymerase reads the DNA template strand from…

A

the 3’ end of the DNA molecule to the 5’ end

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19
Q

What forms the lagging strand of DNA?

A

Okazaki Fragments

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20
Q

define the enzymes used in DNA replication

A

helicase: unzips the DNA

primase: adds RNA primers to DNA strands

polymerase III: adds new nucleotides to DNA strands

polymerase I: replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides

ligase: attaches the new DNA fragments with the rest of the strand

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21
Q

what joins amino acids together

A

polypeptide chains

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22
Q

what is transcription

A

the DNA code is transcribed into an mRNA strand

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23
Q

what is translation

A

the mRNA strand is translated into a protein

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24
Q

Where does transcription and translation take place in prokaryotic cells?

A

The Cytoplasm

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25
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

The Cytoplasm

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26
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

The Nucleus

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27
Q

what are the steps of translation

A
  1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
  2. the ribosome lines up complementary tRNA molecules (the anti-codons).
  3. the amino acids on the tRNA connect with peptide bonds as this happens, therefore creating proteins
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28
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches a promoter sequence of DNA
  2. it starts adding complementary RNA nucleotides (the mRNA)
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29
Q

in eukaryotes, what are the non-coding regions of the mRNA called? how are they removed

A

introns; they are removed through a process called splicing

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30
Q

if a mutation is helpful then the # of individuals with the new phenotype will…

A

increase

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31
Q

what do genetic mutations cause (long term)

A

natural selection/evolution

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32
Q

what are the three types of mutations? summarize them

A

substitution: one base is exchanged or swapped for another base

insertion: one or more bases are inserted, making it longer

deletion: one or more bases are deleted, making it shorter

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33
Q

why can DNA mutations impact the proteins synthesized in a cell?

A

since DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA during transcription, a DNA mutation could cause the altered codons to code for a different amino acid, therefore a different or non-functional protein

34
Q

what are the four types of mutation effects? summarize them

A

silent: the mutation has no effect on the amino acid coded for

missense: the mutation causes a codon to code for a different amino acid

frameshift: the mutation causes the “reading frame” of the mRNA codons to shift forwards or backwards, changing many amino acids

nonsense: the mutation causes a stop codon which terminates translation early

35
Q

what are the four types of chromosomal mutations? summarize them

A

duplication: extra copies of genes are added to a chromosome

inversion: a section of the chromosome is flipped/reversed

deletion: a piece of the chromosome breaks off and is lost

translocation: a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

36
Q

when an organism has too many or too few chromosomes, it is called…

A

Aneuploidy

37
Q

when an organism has more than two paired sets of chromosomes, it is called…

A

Polyploidy

38
Q

gametes form through a process called…

A

meiosis

39
Q

in meiosis, chromosomes stay attached until which division

A

the second division

40
Q

a synapsis is…

A

2 pairs of sister chromatids

41
Q

what causes the sister chromatids to become genetically different?

A

Crossing over

42
Q

at the end of meiosis there are…

A

4 genetically different haploid cells

43
Q

when gametes fuse, the resulting embryo is…

A

diploid

44
Q

describe prophase in meiosis 1 and 2

A

in both meiosis 1 and 2:
- the nuclear envelope breaks down
- the centrosomes move to opposite poles
- the chromosomes condense and become visible

in meiosis 1:
- crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes

45
Q

describe metaphase in meiosis 1 and 2

A

in both meiosis 1 and 2:
- the spindle forms completely

in meiosis 1:
- homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

in meiosis 2:
- the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

46
Q

describe anaphase in meiosis 1 and 2

A

in both meiosis 1 and 2:
- the spindle fibers begin to contract

in meiosis 1:
- the homologous chromosomes get separated by their centromeres to the poles

in meiosis 2:
- the sister chromatids get separated by their centromeres to the poles

47
Q

describe telophase in meiosis 1 and 2

A

in both meiosis 1 and 2:
- nuclear envelopes start to reform around the groups of chromosomes
- the chromosomes start to decondense back into chromatin

48
Q

describe cytokinesis in meiosis 1 and 2

A

in both meiosis 1 and 2:
- the cytoplasm physical divides, splitting each cell into two

in meiosis 2:
- the cells are now in interphase

49
Q

summarize crossing over

A

during prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad.
the non-sister chromatids form chiasmata where they overlap.
here, parts of the chromatids break off and join the other chromatid.
alleles are exchanged, forming new genetic combinations

50
Q

What is chromatin made of?

A

DNA and protein

51
Q

What is the relationship between histones and DNA?

A

DNA is wrapped around histones

52
Q

Why does DNA have to be tightly packed?

A

It must fit in the nucleus and is more easily separated during cell division

53
Q

When a chromosome is duplicated, how many chromosomes and chromatids are there?

A

There is still one chromosome but there are now two chromatids

54
Q

True or false; all the genes in your chromosomes are turned on

A

False

55
Q

Karyotypes are an image of…

A

all of your chromosomes

56
Q

What phase is a cell typically in when the picture is taken for a karyotype?

A

Metaphase

57
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A

chromosomes of the same size that carry the same types of genes in the same order

58
Q

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

A

22

59
Q

Which sex chromosomes do males have? females?

A

Males have XY, females have XX

60
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23

61
Q

Haploid vs diploid

A

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two

62
Q

Does the father or mother determine sex?

A

Father

63
Q

What proteins are DNA molecules wrapped around?

A

Histones

64
Q

What is the structure of a nucleosome?

A

A strand of DNA wrapped twice around 8 histones, held together by a histone protein named H1

65
Q

What is linker DNA?

A

Double-stranded DNA that connects nucleosomes together

66
Q

what is the Central dogma of biology

A

DNA info only flows in one direction

67
Q

How do these words match up: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, mitosis, meiosis

A

Meiosis goes with sexual reproduction and mitosis can be involved in both asexual

68
Q

What does incomplete dominance look like?

A

When two traits mix

69
Q

What does co-dominance look like

A

When two traits show at the same time

70
Q

What’s the different between a square and a circle on a pedigree?

A

A circle is female, a square is male

71
Q

Are males or females more likely to get sex linked traits

A

Males

72
Q

What is Nondisjunction

A

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

73
Q

What is the universal donor in blood types?

A

type O

74
Q

what is the universal receiver in blood types?

A

type AB

75
Q

Where do chances for genetic variation increase in meiosis?

A

During independent assortment and crossing over

76
Q

in a dihybrid cross, what is the ratio of offspring for two heterozygous parents?

A

9:3:3:1

77
Q

what are recombinant types

A

when it doesn’t look like any of its parents and a new Gene is expressed

78
Q

what are the monomers for macromolecules?

A

carbs: monosacchrides
proteins: amino acids
lipids: fatty acids
nucleic acids: nucleotides

79
Q

what’s the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much dna

80
Q
A

biology (9 decks)

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