list 7 Flashcards
nucleotide
an organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
deoxyribose
a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen
nitrogenous base
a molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base
purine
a heterocyclic aromatic compound composed of a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring fused together
pyrimidine
a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is composed of carbon and hydrogen
base pairing rules
constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds
complementary base pair
the pairing of corresponding bases (adenine with thymine/uracil or guanine with cytosine)
DNA replication
the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
helicase
an enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding and separation of DNA or RNA during it’s replication
replication fork
a very active area where DNA replication takes place
DNA polymerase
an enzyme that assembles nucleotides into new DNA strands
semi-conservative replication
replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of new DNA
transcription
the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
translation
the process in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates
protein synthesis
the creation of proteins by cells that use DNA, RNA, and various enzymes
ribose
a sugar that has five carbon atoms and five oxygen atoms in each molecule and is part of RNA
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence
promoter
a sequence of DNA of which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript
genetic code
the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells
codon
a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic info encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis
anticodon
a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a tRNA molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a mRNA sequence
genome
the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell
mutation
an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism
central dogma of biology
a theory stating that genetic info only flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein, or RNA directly to protein
