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biology > list 7 > Flashcards

list 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleotide

A

an organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate

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2
Q

deoxyribose

A

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen

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3
Q

nitrogenous base

A

a molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base

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4
Q

purine

A

a heterocyclic aromatic compound composed of a pyrimidine ring and an imidazole ring fused together

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5
Q

pyrimidine

A

a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is composed of carbon and hydrogen

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6
Q

base pairing rules

A

constraints imposed by the molecular structure of DNA and RNA on the formation of hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

complementary base pair

A

the pairing of corresponding bases (adenine with thymine/uracil or guanine with cytosine)

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule

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9
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding and separation of DNA or RNA during it’s replication

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10
Q

replication fork

A

a very active area where DNA replication takes place

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11
Q

DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that assembles nucleotides into new DNA strands

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12
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of new DNA

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13
Q

transcription

A

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA

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14
Q

translation

A

the process in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates

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15
Q

protein synthesis

A

the creation of proteins by cells that use DNA, RNA, and various enzymes

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16
Q

ribose

A

a sugar that has five carbon atoms and five oxygen atoms in each molecule and is part of RNA

17
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

18
Q

promoter

A

a sequence of DNA of which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript

19
Q

genetic code

A

the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells

20
Q

codon

A

a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic info encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis

21
Q

anticodon

A

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a tRNA molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a mRNA sequence

22
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell

23
Q

mutation

A

an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism

24
Q

central dogma of biology

A

a theory stating that genetic info only flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein, or RNA directly to protein

biology (9 decks)

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