List 5 topics Flashcards
Bacteria causing skin and wound infections and their diagnosis
- S. Aureus - exfoliative toxin, scalded skin syndrome. Folliculitis (hair pimple), paronychia, nail infection, Furuncle Carbuncle, Impetigo.
- S. Pyogenes - SpeB
- Enterococcus - cellulitacris or opportunistic wound infection
- Peptostreptococcus - wound infections obligate anaerobe.
- Bacillus cereus
- B. anthracis
- Corynebacterium
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathae
- Clostridium Tetani
- C. Perfringens
- E. Coli
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- Pseudomonas
- Fanciscella
- Pasturela - animal bites
- Yersinia Pestis
- Mycobacteriae
- Borrelia
- Treponema Carateum Pertenue Pallidum
Bacteria causing abdominal infections (peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis) and their diagnosis
Peritonitis
- Bacterioides. B fragilis, B , fusobacterium.
- E. Coli and other enterobacteriaceae - Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
- S. Epidermidis
- Gram positive anaerobes, peptocossus, peptostreptococcus.
- Pseudomonas
- C. Perfringens
Gall infections: (cholecystitis - gall baldder, cholangitis - bilary tree infection)
- Proteus
- S. Epidermidis
- Enterococcus
- pseudomonas
- Candida
Diagnosis:
- blood culture
- Puncture or lavage sample of peritoneal fluid
- Liver biopsy for cholangitis
- Gall bladder sample
Proteus - ox negative. lactose negative, urease positive, swarming.
Morganella - used to be grouped with proteus, causes the same diseases, is oxidase positive.
Alcaligenes - gram negative rod, oxidase positive, multiresistant
Bacteria and viruses causing opthalmic infections and their diagnosis
10 bacteria
5 viruses
- S. aureus: blepharitis and conjunctivitis
- S. pneumonea: corneal ulcers
- S. pyogenes: keratitis
- Enterobacteriaceae: E coli.
- H. influenzae, or really heamophilus aegypticus.
- Neisseria gonorrhea: neonatal keratitis/conjunctivitis
- Chlaymdia trachomatis: trachoma
- Pseudomonas - keratitis and otitis media.
- Moraxella catarrhalis: Keratoconjunctivitis gram negative aerobic oxidase positive diplococcus.
- Leptospira - smear, microscopic agglutination test.
- Adenovirus
- HSV 1
- VZV
- Picornaviruses
- Enteroviruses
- Coxsackie A
- Poxvirus
Bacteria causing air-borne upper respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnostics
- S. aureus
- S. pyogenes
- S. pneumiae
- C. diptheriae
- Hemophylus influenze
- N. Meningitidis
- Klebsiella - granulomatous abscesses
- Enterobacteriaceae, enterobacter
- Pseudomonas group, BSAA: Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumanii, Alcaligenes fecalis.
- Chlamydia pneumonia
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Vincents angina, Treponema vincentii and Fusobacterium.
- Normal flora of the oral cavity. Microbes causing infections of the oral cavity (list)
- Streptococcus viridans group.
- mutans - caries, sucrose and lactic acid extretion
- mitis - infective endocarditis, punctiform colonies
- sanguis - subacute endocarditis
- bovis - GI malignancies
- anginosus and milleri - microaerophilic and GI flora.
- Actinomyces israelii
- tooth decay and oral wound intiate opportunistic facial infeciton.
- Lactobacillus
- Peptostreptococcus
- Peptococcus
- Veillonella
- Capnocytophaga gingivalis, bacterioide
- Bacterioides
- Treponema vincentii, vincent angina
Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and its significance
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Bacterioidaceae family dominates:
- B fragilis, capsulated G-, with no LPS
- B ovatus, vulgatus, distasonis
- Prevotella Melaninogenicus
- Bacteriodes fusobacterium
- Bifidobacterium - gram positive anaerobic rods, also lactase positive. Bifidobacterium is the main bacteria to colonize breast fed infants. is a major probiotic.
- Enterococcus fecalis and fecium
- Peptostreptococcus and Peptococcus
- Apathogenic neisseria, N sicca, N subflava
- Enterobacteriacea: E coli, serratia, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and morganella.
- Lactobacillus - gram positive rods, facultative anaerobic. Rogosa agar, which is low pH, high glucose agar.
- Actinomyces
- Candida
Functions:
- aids in digestion, urease, deaminase, esterase, lactase
- produces vitamins:
- E coli - vitamin K and B vitamins.
- folic acid
- thiamine
- riboflavin
- niacin
- Inhibits pathogenic colonizers
- Promotes immunity
- Gas production promotes peristalsis
- Roles in disease
- Autoimmunity
- Obesity
- Depression/anxiety
- Hypertension
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Pathogens of the enterally (faecal-oral route) spreading bacterial infections (list) and their diagnosis
E. colis
- ETEC - enteroToxicigenic - LT and ST toxins similar to cholera
- EHEC - enteroHemorrhagic - shiga-like toxin aka veratoxin, and hemolytic uremic syndrome by 0157:H7 strain, bloody diarrhea
- EIEC - enteroInvasive - contains the same shigella plasmid encoding ability to invade cells and to produce shiga-like toxin. leukocytic, bloody diarrhea
- EPEC - any diarrhea causing strain of E coli. causing watery diarrhea mostly in children.
Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhii.
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio cholera
- Vibro parahemolyticus
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- plesiomonas shigelloides
Clostirium
- C difficile
- C perfringens, food poisoning watery diarrhea
The most important microbial pathogens of the urinary tract (list)
8 non STD
5 STD
Non STD:
- E. coli, #1 cause
- Enterococcus
- S. Saprophyticus
- S. Epidermidis
- Proteus (and Morganella)
- Klebsiella Serratia and Enterobacter
- Pseudomonas group, BSAA
- Burkholderia
- Strenotrophomonas
- Alcaligenes
- Acinetobacter
- Gardeneralla vaginalis
STD based UTIs
- N. gonorrhea
- Treponema pallidum
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Hematophilus. ducreyi
- Causative agents of arthropode borne bacterial infections (list)
Ticks - 5
Fleas - 3
Lice - 2
Sand fly -1
Mites - 1
Ticks
- Ixodes tick: Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi and (Babesia apicomplexa protozoan)
- Francisella tularemia - dermacenter tick
- Rickettsia rickettsii - rocky mountain spotted fever.
- Other borellia species - Endemic relapsing fever
Fleas
- Rickettsia typhii - endemic typhus, like epidemic but less sever.
- Borellia recurentis - epidemic relapsing fever.
- Yersinia pestis
Lice
- Rickettsia prowazekii - epidemic typhus, fever headache rash that spares face, thrombii and gangrene of digits from vasculitis. headaches and cognitive deficits, may be lethal.
- Bartonella quinata - Trench fever - high fever, strong joing back and shin pain, high risk for endocarditis which can be lethal.
Sand fly
- Bartonella bacilliformis - RBC invasion and hemolysis anemia high fever, life threatening in the acut phase 40-80% without treatment. Oroya fever or carrions disease.
Mites
- Scrub typhus - rickettsia tsutsugamushi
- Bacterial pathogens of food-poisoning and toxico-infections
- S. aureus - meat - TSST-1 superantigen
- S. pyogenes - eggs - SpeA and SpeC = TS-like syndrome SpeB protease causing necrotising fasciitis
- B. cereus - reheated rice
- Brucella - milk
- Campylobacter - chicken and milk -invasive toxin
- C. Botulinum - in canned food - botulinum toxin cleaves SNARE proteins specifically in cholinergic pre-synaptic terminals
- C. Perfringens - beef and pork food poisoning - many exotoxins.
- E. coli - vegetables/feces - shigella like toxin, veratoxin, LT and ST labile and stable toxin.
- Francisella tularenesis - rabbit meat
- Listeria monocytogenes - milk cheese - listerolysin O, hemolysins
- Salmonellosis - chicken, eggs
- Shigella - eggs, vegetables feces - shiga toxin
- V. cholera - water and shellfish - choleratoxin
- Y. enterocolitia -
- Aeromonas - meat enterotoxin causes enteritis
- Plesiomonas shigelloid - sea food cholera-like toxin watery diarrhea
- Zoonotic infections (list) and their prevention
B. Anthracis - Fluroquinolone, Tetracycline, (also penicillin according to last list)
Brucellosis - Tetracycline, Rifampin
Campylobacter - Macrolides, erythromycin
Leptospirosis - Doxycycline
Listerosis - Ampicillin
Yersinia pestis - Tetracyclines and Glycosides asap. Killed Y. pestis vaccine.
Tulermia - Glycosides, Vaccine given to high risk groups .
Bartonella - cephalosporins
Pasteurella - penicillin
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - penicillin
Rhabdovirus - rabies- Bats primarily, squirells foxes coons dogs. Vaccine. Passive vaccination with human IgG and booster with killed vaccine.
Mosquito diseases:
Malaria - Plasmodium - the queens. cholor- prima- meflo- quinidine aretemisins, artesunate. anopheles mosquito
Flaviviruses - Dengue fever, Yellow fever. West nile fever, St. Louis encephalitis. mosquitos.
Arboviruses = Alphaviruses - Arboviruses Togavirus. Eastern western venezuelan equine encephalitis.
California encephalitis, Rift valley fever.
Wucheria bancrofti. Brugia Malayi.
Aedes mosquitos: Rift valley fever and california encephalitis bunyaviruses. Dengue fever and Yellow fever flaviviruses.
The most important bacteria causing meningitis, and encephalitis (list) their diagnosis, and principles of treatment
Meningitis
- S. Pneumo - Erythromycin-macrolides, vaccine 13 valent childhood vaccine protein conjugated IgG and IgM, adult 23 valent non-conjugated, only IgM.
- S. agalactiae - Penicillin - to mom
- Listeria - Ampicilin
- N. Menigitidis - Cephtriaxone, rifampicin
- H. infleunzae - Cephtriaxone. Vaccine coupled to diptheria toxoid against capsular variant B. given to children.
- Nocardia - Sulfonamides.
- Actinomyces - Penicillin
- Miliary Tuberculosis - RIPE. rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol.
- T. pallidum - penicillin
- E. coli K1 antigen variant. - quinolones (Nalidixic acid 1st gen, Fluoroquinolones are the later gens. block DNA gyrase and topoisomerase)/
- S. aureus - Vancomycin.
- Borrelia - Doxycycline, macrolide, ceftriaxone.
Bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis
S. pneumoniae - alpha hemo, quellung rxn. Bile sol. optochen sens. rust sputum.
S aureus - patchy infiltrate, abscesses.
H influenzae - choc agar factors V and X. satellite phenomenon. gram neg coccobac. capsule. IgA protease expression.
Moraxella catarrhalis - gram neg diplococcus. aerobic. ox+
Bordatella pertusis - toxins. tracheal toxin, filamentous hemagluttinin, pertussis toxin ribosylation of Gi, adenylate cyclase toxin. G neg coccobacillus. Ox_ on Bordet-Gengou agar potato extract and 20% sheep blood.
Bordatella parapertussis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - lowenstein jensen medium. Egg potatoes, Malachite green.
aspiration pneumonias:
- GI bacteria: peptostreptrococcus, bacterioides, enterobacteriaciae, morganella, enterobacter, klebsiella,
nosocomials: pseudomonas group BSAA.
14 Bacterial exotoxins and the related diseases. Prevention and therapy
S. aureus: 5
- cytolysins alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon.
- Cause dermonecrosis and hemolysis
- Exfoliative toxin - scalded skin syndrome
- Leukocidin - WBC toxi
- TSST
- Enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, F.
- Cholesterol dependent cytolysin - forms channels in cells
S. pyogenes: 3
- TS-like toxin, SpeA, and SpeC
- SpeB, pyrogenic exotoxin. Nec Fasc.
- Streptolysin O. Hemolysis.
- Streptokinase
S. pneumo
- pneumolysin O, damages resp epithelium by forming channels. Also inhibits leukocyte respiratory burst. Also inhbits complement fixation.
Listeria, listerolysin-O forms pores and lyses endosomes upon being activated at low pH found within endosomes.
Cholera toxin
Pertussis toxins
Shiga toxin
E. coli toxins.
Clostriudium toxins:
- botulinum toxin
- tetanospasmin
- Difficile, Exotoxin A. enterotoxin binds brush border. Exotoxin B. cytotoxin causes depolymerization of actin filaments increased gut permeability and pseudomembrane formation.
Clostridium perfringins
- Exotoxin proteases lipases nucleases
- hyaluronidases
- collagenases
Hyaluronidase: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, C perfringens.
Collagenase: C. perfringens.
Injected toxins, type 3 secretion systems.
- Yesinia pestis
- Salmonella enteritidis
- Microbiological diagnosis of bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis
- S. aureus: all three.
- S. epidermidis
- S. viridans group - S. mitis: endocarditis. Dextrans bind to heart valves and platelets.
- S. pneumoniae: pneumonia lead to sepsis.
- Enterococcus: all three. Usually nosocomial.
- C. diptheriae
- S. typhi
- Coxiella Burnetti
- Brucella
- H. influenze: Pneumonia, meningitis lead to sepsis.
- N. gonorrhea: Puss formation lead to sepsis.
- Klebsiella,
- proteus,
- pseudomonas,
- bacteriodacae,
- Y. pestis,
