List 5 topics Flashcards
Bacteria causing skin and wound infections and their diagnosis
- S. Aureus - exfoliative toxin, scalded skin syndrome. Folliculitis (hair pimple), paronychia, nail infection, Furuncle Carbuncle, Impetigo.
- S. Pyogenes - SpeB
- Enterococcus - cellulitacris or opportunistic wound infection
- Peptostreptococcus - wound infections obligate anaerobe.
- Bacillus cereus
- B. anthracis
- Corynebacterium
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathae
- Clostridium Tetani
- C. Perfringens
- E. Coli
- Proteus
- Klebsiella
- Pseudomonas
- Fanciscella
- Pasturela - animal bites
- Yersinia Pestis
- Mycobacteriae
- Borrelia
- Treponema Carateum Pertenue Pallidum
Bacteria causing abdominal infections (peritonitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis) and their diagnosis
Peritonitis
- Bacterioides. B fragilis, B , fusobacterium.
- E. Coli and other enterobacteriaceae - Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
- S. Epidermidis
- Gram positive anaerobes, peptocossus, peptostreptococcus.
- Pseudomonas
- C. Perfringens
Gall infections: (cholecystitis - gall baldder, cholangitis - bilary tree infection)
- Proteus
- S. Epidermidis
- Enterococcus
- pseudomonas
- Candida
Diagnosis:
- blood culture
- Puncture or lavage sample of peritoneal fluid
- Liver biopsy for cholangitis
- Gall bladder sample
Proteus - ox negative. lactose negative, urease positive, swarming.
Morganella - used to be grouped with proteus, causes the same diseases, is oxidase positive.
Alcaligenes - gram negative rod, oxidase positive, multiresistant
Bacteria and viruses causing opthalmic infections and their diagnosis
10 bacteria
5 viruses
- S. aureus: blepharitis and conjunctivitis
- S. pneumonea: corneal ulcers
- S. pyogenes: keratitis
- Enterobacteriaceae: E coli.
- H. influenzae, or really heamophilus aegypticus.
- Neisseria gonorrhea: neonatal keratitis/conjunctivitis
- Chlaymdia trachomatis: trachoma
- Pseudomonas - keratitis and otitis media.
- Moraxella catarrhalis: Keratoconjunctivitis gram negative aerobic oxidase positive diplococcus.
- Leptospira - smear, microscopic agglutination test.
- Adenovirus
- HSV 1
- VZV
- Picornaviruses
- Enteroviruses
- Coxsackie A
- Poxvirus
Bacteria causing air-borne upper respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnostics
- S. aureus
- S. pyogenes
- S. pneumiae
- C. diptheriae
- Hemophylus influenze
- N. Meningitidis
- Klebsiella - granulomatous abscesses
- Enterobacteriaceae, enterobacter
- Pseudomonas group, BSAA: Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter baumanii, Alcaligenes fecalis.
- Chlamydia pneumonia
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Vincents angina, Treponema vincentii and Fusobacterium.
- Normal flora of the oral cavity. Microbes causing infections of the oral cavity (list)
- Streptococcus viridans group.
- mutans - caries, sucrose and lactic acid extretion
- mitis - infective endocarditis, punctiform colonies
- sanguis - subacute endocarditis
- bovis - GI malignancies
- anginosus and milleri - microaerophilic and GI flora.
- Actinomyces israelii
- tooth decay and oral wound intiate opportunistic facial infeciton.
- Lactobacillus
- Peptostreptococcus
- Peptococcus
- Veillonella
- Capnocytophaga gingivalis, bacterioide
- Bacterioides
- Treponema vincentii, vincent angina
Normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and its significance
-
Bacterioidaceae family dominates:
- B fragilis, capsulated G-, with no LPS
- B ovatus, vulgatus, distasonis
- Prevotella Melaninogenicus
- Bacteriodes fusobacterium
- Bifidobacterium - gram positive anaerobic rods, also lactase positive. Bifidobacterium is the main bacteria to colonize breast fed infants. is a major probiotic.
- Enterococcus fecalis and fecium
- Peptostreptococcus and Peptococcus
- Apathogenic neisseria, N sicca, N subflava
- Enterobacteriacea: E coli, serratia, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus and morganella.
- Lactobacillus - gram positive rods, facultative anaerobic. Rogosa agar, which is low pH, high glucose agar.
- Actinomyces
- Candida
Functions:
- aids in digestion, urease, deaminase, esterase, lactase
- produces vitamins:
- E coli - vitamin K and B vitamins.
- folic acid
- thiamine
- riboflavin
- niacin
- Inhibits pathogenic colonizers
- Promotes immunity
- Gas production promotes peristalsis
- Roles in disease
- Autoimmunity
- Obesity
- Depression/anxiety
- Hypertension
*
Pathogens of the enterally (faecal-oral route) spreading bacterial infections (list) and their diagnosis
E. colis
- ETEC - enteroToxicigenic - LT and ST toxins similar to cholera
- EHEC - enteroHemorrhagic - shiga-like toxin aka veratoxin, and hemolytic uremic syndrome by 0157:H7 strain, bloody diarrhea
- EIEC - enteroInvasive - contains the same shigella plasmid encoding ability to invade cells and to produce shiga-like toxin. leukocytic, bloody diarrhea
- EPEC - any diarrhea causing strain of E coli. causing watery diarrhea mostly in children.
Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhii.
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter jejuni
Vibrio cholera
- Vibro parahemolyticus
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- plesiomonas shigelloides
Clostirium
- C difficile
- C perfringens, food poisoning watery diarrhea
The most important microbial pathogens of the urinary tract (list)
8 non STD
5 STD
Non STD:
- E. coli, #1 cause
- Enterococcus
- S. Saprophyticus
- S. Epidermidis
- Proteus (and Morganella)
- Klebsiella Serratia and Enterobacter
- Pseudomonas group, BSAA
- Burkholderia
- Strenotrophomonas
- Alcaligenes
- Acinetobacter
- Gardeneralla vaginalis
STD based UTIs
- N. gonorrhea
- Treponema pallidum
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Hematophilus. ducreyi
- Causative agents of arthropode borne bacterial infections (list)
Ticks - 5
Fleas - 3
Lice - 2
Sand fly -1
Mites - 1
Ticks
- Ixodes tick: Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi and (Babesia apicomplexa protozoan)
- Francisella tularemia - dermacenter tick
- Rickettsia rickettsii - rocky mountain spotted fever.
- Other borellia species - Endemic relapsing fever
Fleas
- Rickettsia typhii - endemic typhus, like epidemic but less sever.
- Borellia recurentis - epidemic relapsing fever.
- Yersinia pestis
Lice
- Rickettsia prowazekii - epidemic typhus, fever headache rash that spares face, thrombii and gangrene of digits from vasculitis. headaches and cognitive deficits, may be lethal.
- Bartonella quinata - Trench fever - high fever, strong joing back and shin pain, high risk for endocarditis which can be lethal.
Sand fly
- Bartonella bacilliformis - RBC invasion and hemolysis anemia high fever, life threatening in the acut phase 40-80% without treatment. Oroya fever or carrions disease.
Mites
- Scrub typhus - rickettsia tsutsugamushi
- Bacterial pathogens of food-poisoning and toxico-infections
- S. aureus - meat - TSST-1 superantigen
- S. pyogenes - eggs - SpeA and SpeC = TS-like syndrome SpeB protease causing necrotising fasciitis
- B. cereus - reheated rice
- Brucella - milk
- Campylobacter - chicken and milk -invasive toxin
- C. Botulinum - in canned food - botulinum toxin cleaves SNARE proteins specifically in cholinergic pre-synaptic terminals
- C. Perfringens - beef and pork food poisoning - many exotoxins.
- E. coli - vegetables/feces - shigella like toxin, veratoxin, LT and ST labile and stable toxin.
- Francisella tularenesis - rabbit meat
- Listeria monocytogenes - milk cheese - listerolysin O, hemolysins
- Salmonellosis - chicken, eggs
- Shigella - eggs, vegetables feces - shiga toxin
- V. cholera - water and shellfish - choleratoxin
- Y. enterocolitia -
- Aeromonas - meat enterotoxin causes enteritis
- Plesiomonas shigelloid - sea food cholera-like toxin watery diarrhea
- Zoonotic infections (list) and their prevention
B. Anthracis - Fluroquinolone, Tetracycline, (also penicillin according to last list)
Brucellosis - Tetracycline, Rifampin
Campylobacter - Macrolides, erythromycin
Leptospirosis - Doxycycline
Listerosis - Ampicillin
Yersinia pestis - Tetracyclines and Glycosides asap. Killed Y. pestis vaccine.
Tulermia - Glycosides, Vaccine given to high risk groups .
Bartonella - cephalosporins
Pasteurella - penicillin
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae - penicillin
Rhabdovirus - rabies- Bats primarily, squirells foxes coons dogs. Vaccine. Passive vaccination with human IgG and booster with killed vaccine.
Mosquito diseases:
Malaria - Plasmodium - the queens. cholor- prima- meflo- quinidine aretemisins, artesunate. anopheles mosquito
Flaviviruses - Dengue fever, Yellow fever. West nile fever, St. Louis encephalitis. mosquitos.
Arboviruses = Alphaviruses - Arboviruses Togavirus. Eastern western venezuelan equine encephalitis.
California encephalitis, Rift valley fever.
Wucheria bancrofti. Brugia Malayi.
Aedes mosquitos: Rift valley fever and california encephalitis bunyaviruses. Dengue fever and Yellow fever flaviviruses.
The most important bacteria causing meningitis, and encephalitis (list) their diagnosis, and principles of treatment
Meningitis
- S. Pneumo - Erythromycin-macrolides, vaccine 13 valent childhood vaccine protein conjugated IgG and IgM, adult 23 valent non-conjugated, only IgM.
- S. agalactiae - Penicillin - to mom
- Listeria - Ampicilin
- N. Menigitidis - Cephtriaxone, rifampicin
- H. infleunzae - Cephtriaxone. Vaccine coupled to diptheria toxoid against capsular variant B. given to children.
- Nocardia - Sulfonamides.
- Actinomyces - Penicillin
- Miliary Tuberculosis - RIPE. rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol.
- T. pallidum - penicillin
- E. coli K1 antigen variant. - quinolones (Nalidixic acid 1st gen, Fluoroquinolones are the later gens. block DNA gyrase and topoisomerase)/
- S. aureus - Vancomycin.
- Borrelia - Doxycycline, macrolide, ceftriaxone.
Bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections (list) and their diagnosis
S. pneumoniae - alpha hemo, quellung rxn. Bile sol. optochen sens. rust sputum.
S aureus - patchy infiltrate, abscesses.
H influenzae - choc agar factors V and X. satellite phenomenon. gram neg coccobac. capsule. IgA protease expression.
Moraxella catarrhalis - gram neg diplococcus. aerobic. ox+
Bordatella pertusis - toxins. tracheal toxin, filamentous hemagluttinin, pertussis toxin ribosylation of Gi, adenylate cyclase toxin. G neg coccobacillus. Ox_ on Bordet-Gengou agar potato extract and 20% sheep blood.
Bordatella parapertussis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - lowenstein jensen medium. Egg potatoes, Malachite green.
aspiration pneumonias:
- GI bacteria: peptostreptrococcus, bacterioides, enterobacteriaciae, morganella, enterobacter, klebsiella,
nosocomials: pseudomonas group BSAA.
14 Bacterial exotoxins and the related diseases. Prevention and therapy
S. aureus: 5
- cytolysins alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon.
- Cause dermonecrosis and hemolysis
- Exfoliative toxin - scalded skin syndrome
- Leukocidin - WBC toxi
- TSST
- Enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, F.
- Cholesterol dependent cytolysin - forms channels in cells
S. pyogenes: 3
- TS-like toxin, SpeA, and SpeC
- SpeB, pyrogenic exotoxin. Nec Fasc.
- Streptolysin O. Hemolysis.
- Streptokinase
S. pneumo
- pneumolysin O, damages resp epithelium by forming channels. Also inhibits leukocyte respiratory burst. Also inhbits complement fixation.
Listeria, listerolysin-O forms pores and lyses endosomes upon being activated at low pH found within endosomes.
Cholera toxin
Pertussis toxins
Shiga toxin
E. coli toxins.
Clostriudium toxins:
- botulinum toxin
- tetanospasmin
- Difficile, Exotoxin A. enterotoxin binds brush border. Exotoxin B. cytotoxin causes depolymerization of actin filaments increased gut permeability and pseudomembrane formation.
Clostridium perfringins
- Exotoxin proteases lipases nucleases
- hyaluronidases
- collagenases
Hyaluronidase: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, C perfringens.
Collagenase: C. perfringens.
Injected toxins, type 3 secretion systems.
- Yesinia pestis
- Salmonella enteritidis
- Microbiological diagnosis of bacteriaemia, endocarditis, and sepsis
- S. aureus: all three.
- S. epidermidis
- S. viridans group - S. mitis: endocarditis. Dextrans bind to heart valves and platelets.
- S. pneumoniae: pneumonia lead to sepsis.
- Enterococcus: all three. Usually nosocomial.
- C. diptheriae
- S. typhi
- Coxiella Burnetti
- Brucella
- H. influenze: Pneumonia, meningitis lead to sepsis.
- N. gonorrhea: Puss formation lead to sepsis.
- Klebsiella,
- proteus,
- pseudomonas,
- bacteriodacae,
- Y. pestis,
- Description and diagnosis of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria
C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. botulinum
Actinomyces isralii
GI normal flora opportunistic pathogens:
Aspiration pneumonias or abdominal abscesses from perforated GI tracts. Also Dental Caries, periodontal disease and Vincents angina.
Typically mixed species pneumonia that are abscess forming and necrotizing.
Bifidobacterium
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
B fragilis
Fusobacterium
Prevotella melaninogenicus
Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Enterally acquired parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis
Anal pruritis
- Enterobius vermicularis - rectal tape
Colitis
- Entamoeba histolytica - Abdominal radiology, biopsy, trophozoite amoeba with RBCs inside and cysts on stool sample. Fecal ELISA,
- Balantidium coli - ciliated trophozoites in stool as wel las large cysts
Diarrhea/dysentery
- E. histolytica
- Giardia lamblia - stool OP contains trophozoites, stool ELISA
- Cyrptosporidium parvum - stool OP contains oocysts with 4 motile sprozoites. Acid fast staining trophozoites.
- Schistosoma Japonicum and Mansoni - stool OP and morphology of the cyts
- Strongyloders stercoralis - Rhabdiform w orm larva in stool no eggs
- Trichuris trichuria - dark bile stained eggs with bipolar plugs.
Toxic megacolon
- Trypanosoma cruzi - Blood smear and giemsa stain shows typanosomes in acute phase. Romana sign in acute phase. PCR and serology in chronic phase.
Obstruction/perforation
- Ascaris lumbricoides - bile stained rough two layerd eggs.
- Trichuris trichuria - dark bile stained bipolar plugs on eggs.
- Causative agents of arthropode borne parasitic infections (list) and their diagnosis
(9)
E histolytica: fleas, cockroaches
Plasmodium: anopheles mosquito
Trypanosoma bruceii: tsetse fly
Trypanosoma cruzi: reduuvid kissing bug
Leishmania tropica, L. brasiliensis, L. chagasi, L. donovani: Sand fly
Filariasis
- Wucheria bancrofti by mosquito
- Loa loa, crysops fly, mangofly
- Onchocerca volvulus by black fly
- Pathogens of the air-borne viral infections (list)
(11)
Adenovirus
VZV
HHV6 - roseola
HHV6B- exanthema subitum.
HHV7 - exanthema subitum
Parvovirus B19
Variola - small pox
Arena virus - lassa fever
Rubella virus - rubella
Orthomyxovirus influenza A B C
Paramyxoviruses. Measles, parainfluenza, mumps, RSV.
- Pathogens of the enterally acquired viral infections (list)
Enteroviruses
- Polioviruses 1,2,3
- Coxsackievirus A and B
- Echoviruses
- Enteroviruses
Rheoviruses:
- Rotavirus, #1 cause of infant childhood diarrhea
Adenovirus
Caliciviruses
- Norovirus, Norwalk virus
- Sapovirus
Picornavirus:
- Hepatitis A and E.
- Causative agents of arthropode borne viral infections (list)
Toga virus = by mosquito causing encephalitis. Arbovirus/alpha toga virus
Flavi virus = by mosquito causing West nile encephalitis, yellow fever and Dengue.
Bunya virus = by mosquito causing encephalitis.
Reo virus = Coltivirus group, Colorado Tick Fever.
aedes mosquitos:
- Bunyavirus rift valley fever and california encephalitis
- Flavivirus Dengue fever and Yellow fever.
- Pathogens of viral and fungal meningitis and encephalitis (list)
Fungal meningoencephalitis:
- Cryptococcus neoformans.
- Candida Albicans
- Coccidioides immitis.
- Angioinvasive aspergillus
- Mucormycoses
Viral meningoencephalitis
- Arenavirus, LCV: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus.
Meningitis
- Enteroviruses, Coxsackie, Echoviruses, Poliovirus
- HSV2
- Congenital Rubella
Encephalitis
- HSV-1 is #1 viral encephalitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, HSV-2 is rarer but can also cause it, and often causes neonatal meningitis as a torches inf.
- Flavivirus-west nile virus
- VZV
- Rabies, Rhabdovirus
- Coxsackievirus A and B
- Poliovirus
- Togavirus Alphavirus
- Adenovirus in IC’d
Post-infection encephalitis
- SSPE post measles
- Pathogens of fungal and parasitic lung infections (list)
Fungal pneumonia
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Aspergillus
- Zygomycosis/Mucromycosis
- Pneumocystis carniii
Parasitic
- Paragonimus westermanii - lung fluke
- Ascaris lumbricoides - parasitic pneumonitis from migratory larval phase, most common parasitic lung infection.
- Entamoeba histolytica - lung abscess (rarer than liver, but it can dessiminate anywhere after invasion)
- Strongyloides stercoralis, similar to ascaris, self hyperinfection.
- Toxicaris cani and cati
- Toxoplasma gondii
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24 Microbes causing pre- and perinatal infections (list) in the fetus/new-born baby
Torch
- Toxo and Treponema
- other (8)
- Parvo B19
- VZV
- Lassa fever
- Japanese necephalitis
- Enteroviruses: Coxsackie, Polio, Echovirus
- Zika virus
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Rubella (togavirus)
- CMV
- H
- HSV1/2
- HIV
- HBV
- HCV
- HTLV-1
Bacteria
- S. agalactiae - severe pneumonia, ARDS, meningitis
- E. coli - neonatal meningitis K variant.
- Listeria: abortion, sepsis, encephalitis
- S. aureus
- S. pneumoniae
- N. gonorrhea - opthaloblenorrhea neonatorum, blindness
- Treponema pallidum - congeintal syphlius
- Chalmydophila pneumonia.
- Chlamydia trachomatis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, trachoma.
Fungi
Candida, Soor and diaper rash
Protozoa
Toxoplasma gondii: (apicomplexa protozoan) abortion, congenital epilepsy, encephalitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, intracranial calcifications, brain lesions, chorioretinitis blindness and deafness.
viruses
- RSV, resp syncytial virus
- Parainfluenza, croup
- CMV
- ParvoB19
- Rubella
- Child-hood infections characterized by exanthemas (rashes)
- Measles - 6 day rash gets confluent
- Rubella - 3 day rash doesn’t become confluent
- Parvovirus B19 - slapped face erythema infectiosum, 5th disease, 5 finger slap
- HHV6 Roseola, exanthema subitum, spares face high fever.
- VZV - chicken pox
- S. pyogenes, scarlet fever
- Echoviruses. Cause rash and fever, and risk for aseptic meningitis.
- Coxsackie A, Hand foot and mouth disease,
- CMV - blueberry muffin rash.
- Normal flora of the genital tract. Pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases (list)
Normal, good vaginal flora: Both are gram positive rods. Can be anaerobic or aerobic.
- Lactobacillus
- Bifidobacterium
- External genitalia, and end of urethra, the composition is similar to the GI tract, with bacterioides dominating.
- S. viridans and apathogenic E. coli common as well.
Acinetobacter: Vagina, urethra flora. Nosocomial spreading and UTI.
Bacteroides: External genitelia flora. Opportunistic pathogen, can cause peritonitis.
Bifidobacterium: Vagina flora. Used as probiotic, boost immune system, inhibit
candida!
C. albicans: Urethra, vagina, external genitelia flora. Opportunistic!
Clostridium difficle.: Vagina flora. Virulent due to AB overtreatment!
Cornybacterium ssp (diphteroids): Urethra, genitelia, vagina flora. Virulent in
suppressed and valve transplanted patients, causing ulcers in skin, respiratory
(C. ulcerans**); endocarditis and pneumonia (**C. pseudodiphter**); UTI (**C. urealyticum).
Enterobacteriacae: e.g klebsiella, proteus., morganella. All cause related opportunistic
UTI.
S. viridans: Urethra, genitelia, vagina flora. Can cause abscess formations.
Mycoplasma hominis, genitalium: Cervix, vagina flora. Cause pelvic inf. during labor, NGU and pyelonephritis.
Ureaplasma urelyticum: Colonized genitelia and cause NGU and renal stones.
Chlamydia trachomatis: can be urethral, vaginal flora, but also STD! Virulent once outgrown. L 1,2,3 cause ulcers on penis, cervix. D-K cause urogenital infections.
S. agalactiae: normal vaginal flora, but can be STD causing UTI, abortions, meningitis.
E.coli: Flora of intestine, can cause UTI.
N. gonorrhea: STD, cause purulent discharge and dysuria.
H. ducreyi: STD, cause ulcus mulle.
T. pallidum: STD – syphilis, first causing painless ulcerations, condylomas (warts) and
Can disseminate to gummas, CV and neural pathologies
- Screening and verification of HIV-infections. Microbes causing opportunistic infections related to AIDS (list)
3-6 weeks after infection ELISA can detect circulating HIV antigens, but often gives false positives.
After positive ELISA, a Western blot using separated GAG, POL, and ENV proteins then probed using patients sera to confirm diagnosis.
AIDS related opportunistic infections:
Bacteria:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium Avium Complex
diarrheal agents (Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, Campylobacter)
Fungi, protozoa:
Candidiasis (thrush, esophageal)
Pneumocystis carinii (PCP)
Toxoplasmosis (T. gondii)
Cryptococcal neoformans
Histoplasmosis capsulatum (sepsis, ARDS, fatal!).
Penicillosis, –> basically only an HIV infection. Causes disseminated infection, fever cough pulmonary infiltrates and pneumonia, organomegaly, anemia, leukopenia, skin lesions.
Viruses:
CMV, retinitis esophagitis
HCV,
HSV,
Kaposhi sarcoma (HHV8),
adenovirus esophagitis
JC polyomavirus -> PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
- Pathogens of hepatitis and their transmission, as well as
microbiological diagnosis
hpeatitis topic boii
Rules and regulation of the collection, storage and transport of infectious material
- Take specimens before initiating or changing antibiotic therapy.
- Minimize contamination by resident bacterial flora
- Sterile cotton swab, Dacron swab, syringe or catheter aspiration - sufficient material for both culture and Gram stain - transport medium (Stuart medium) - transport culture medium (Uricult Plus)
- Transportation to the laboratory
- A) Rapid transport - S.pneumoniae, N. gonorrhoeae are fastidious (may not survive temperature extremes or drying) - urine sample (long delays before inoculation can result in the growth of clinically insignificant bacterial contaminants in the specimen)
- B) All specimens should be labelled
- C) Clinicians should provide the laboratory with diagnostic questions - which selective media
- Measurement and alteration of virulence. Significance of attenuation. Bioterrorism and biological weapons
Measurement is done by calculating the ID50, infective dose, and lethal doses LD50 and LD90.
Bioweapon microbes:
Category A, strong diseases and easy to disseminate on large scale.
- Anthrax
- Y. pestis
- Variola major (smallpox)
- C. botulinum
- Francisella Tulaermia
- Ebola and Marburg Filoviruses
Category B
- Brucella
- Salmonella
- Typhus
- Water poisoning, any of the fecal oral dysenterics, cholera,
Category C
Specially engineered pathogens.
Use of laboratory animals in the medical microbiology
- To classify a disease with Kochs postulates
- Diagnosis: innoculating an animal to observe sypmtoms
- Maintaining obligate intracellular bacteria:
- Mycobacterium leprae
- Treponema pallidum
- Rickettsia
- Determining virulence values
- Infectious dose
- Lethal dose
- Production of antibodies
- for serological tests
- passive immunization
- research use
Theory of ribotyping and bacteriophage typing and its application
Sequencing the riobosomal rDNA sequence of an infection, in order to determine the epidemiology of that specific straing. Wether it was nosocomial and acquired locally or part of a larger outbreak, or externally community acquired.
Phage typing
Bacteriophages are specific for certain strains of their target bacteria, and a lawn of the infection bacteria is probed with different phages. the lysed spot is observed.
Phage typing is mostly used for S. aureus. and Salmonella species.
Serological reactions utilising agglutination and their applications
Agglutination
ELISA
Precipitation
ELEK test
