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Anatomy > List 4 Vocab > Flashcards

List 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Intensity Level

A
  • amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electro magnetic radiation) the logarithm of the ratio of 2 intensities, powers, or energies.
  • usually expressed in dB
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2
Q

interference

A
  • if source generates a sound continuously both incident and reflected waves will be present at the same time
  • at any point when these waves interact it may lead to an increase or decrease in sound pressure
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3
Q

Acoustic impedance - American STD

A
  • known as acoustic ohms which is the pressure to move a unit volume of the medium per second
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4
Q

Specific acoustic impedance

A
  • this is Z
  • aka shock impedance
  • ratio of sound pressure (p) to particle velocity (v) at a single frequency and is expressed in rayls
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5
Q

azimuth

A
  • the source of sound can be localized in 3 different spatial dimensions
  • horizontal plane
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6
Q

amplitude

A
  • the magnitude of wave

- i.e. how high it goes on y axis

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7
Q

inertia (mass)

A
  • amount of inertia object has directly proportional to the mass of object
  • larger force is required for a more massive object to start, stop, or change direction
  • note: all bodies remain at rest or in state of uniform motion unless another force acts in oppositions (newton’s 1st law)
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8
Q

damping

A
  • gradually reduces degree of oscillation, vibration, or signal intensity or prevents it from increasing
  • ex. sound-proofing technology dampens the oscillations of sound waves
  • built in dampening is crucial design element in technology that involves the creation of oscillations and vibrations
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9
Q

spiral modiolar artery

A
  • the major arterial supply to the cochlea, it supplies the apical portion of the cochlea
  • originates from the cochlear branch of the vestibulo-cochlear artery
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10
Q

inner sulcus cells

A
  • line space underneath the tectorial membrane
  • support
  • tight junctures
  • all together junction of endolymph/ perilymph division
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11
Q

Hensen Cells

A
  • tall supporting cells constituting the outer border of the organ of corti
  • henson’s strip - comes close but does not touch IHC
  • border after dieter’s cell/claudius cells
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12
Q

presynaptic body

A
  • found at presynaptic juncture between the hair cell and auditory nerve
  • it’s function is to aid in the quick release of neurotransmitters
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13
Q

subsynaptic cistern

A
  • in synaptic zone of OHC
  • feature of efferent not afferent
  • stores calcium, releases when nerve terminal releases
  • subsurface cisternae ends in sub-synaptic cistern at a nerve ending of OHC
  • efferent nerve endings attach to cell opposing this region, efferent synapse onto type II hair cell is marked by this
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14
Q

recticular lamina

A
  • top surface of organ of corti
    inner hair cell -> lateral outer hair cell
  • below basal lamina, collagenous fibers, anchors the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue
  • true chemical divisions between ions in the fluids of scala media (endolymph) and scala tympani (perilymph)
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15
Q

Deiters’ Cells

A
  • body, stalk (phalangeal process), enlargement at top
  • dieters’ cups hold OHC, rigid structures that grab on to OHC, leave room only synapses
  • space of neul - room to move, only tight attachment at top and bottom (between OHC and deiters’ cell)
  • contain thin strand of tubular & microfilaments
  • phalangeal process forms recticular lamina
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16
Q

venules at the basilar membrane

A
  • vessels with a distinct spiral shape that are located just below attachment of the basilar membrane to the spiral ligament
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17
Q

arterioveinous shunts

A
  • passageways between an artery and a vein
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18
Q

vessel at the vestibular membrane

A
  • vessel of the scala vestibuli is a net of capillaries that run spirally forming a basal border of the capillary net
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19
Q

vessel of the scala vestibuli

A
  • originating from the primary radiating arerioles, this vessel is made up of a smaller set of radiating arterioles and supply all the blood flow to the external wall vessels
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20
Q

vessel of the basilar membrane

A
  • a spiral blood vessel that lines the basal side of spiral lamina, under the tunnel of cord, supplied by radiating arterioles
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21
Q

vessels of tympanic lip

A
  • capillary arcade (net), supplied by the radiating arterioles, that supplies the tympanic lip with oxygen
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22
Q

limbus vessels

A
  • net of capillaries that supply the limbus with blood, which is supplied by the radiating arterioles
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23
Q

labyrinthine artery

A
  • continuation from basilar artery, splits into the common cochlear artery and anterior vestibular artery
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24
Q

outer hair cell features

A
  • shaped like cylinder

- nucleus towards base while mitochondria are situated in groups around lateral wall at apex

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25
Q

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A
  • first branch of basilar artery, leading into labyrinth
26
Q

inner hair cell features

A
  • flask shaped
  • central nucleus and mitchondria are scattered, nerve endings are near base of cell while organelles are most abundant at apex
27
Q

basilar artery

A
  • primary blood supply to labyrinth
  • immediate flow to ear
  • > vein cochlear aqueduct
  • > spiral modialar artery, near scala vestibuli
28
Q

vertibral arteries

A
  • vertibral artery simply becomes the basilar artery which supplies the labyrinth
29
Q

stria vascularis

A
  • upper portion of the spiral ligament containing numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels
  • somewhat stratified into marginal, intermediate and basement cells
  • produces endolymph
  • 3 cell types:
    • marginal
    • intermediate
    • basal cells
30
Q

Receptor pole

A
  • transduction occurs here
  • cuticular plate - where stereocilia attach
  • w shape, all attached by tip-links move as i essentially
  • taper towards attachment area
  • pivot about base
    • reinforcement material makes strong enough doesn’t bend too much only pivot
  • insertion into cuticular plate:
    • rootlets: anchor to plate
    • hairlets
    • basal body: cuticle free zone, shapes w
31
Q

golgi zone (subcuticular) of IHC

A
  • hair bundle inserts into and is anchored by this plate, a meshwork of actin fillaments
  • extends across apical surface of hair cell
  • golgi apparatus here
32
Q

marginal (dark) cells

A
  • involved primarily ink + transport & line the endolymphatic space of scala media
  • packed with mitochondria
  • tight junction with scala media
33
Q

2 types of hair cells

A

Type A: primarily efferent innervation, dominant in the base
Type B: primarily afferent innervation, dominant in apex

34
Q

basement cells

A
  • separate stria vascularis from underlying spiral ligament

- middle of two different types of embryonic cells, came from two different places during embryonic development

35
Q

spiral modiolar vein

A
  • beginning of veinous drain from spiral modiolar artery and drains into the cochleomodiolar vein, which joins up with veinous system of vestibular apparatus at the vein of cochlear aqueduct
36
Q

vessel of the spiral prominence

A
  • supplied by radiating arterioles
  • spirally directed ridge of tissue between the stria vascularis and basilar membrane
  • made up of omega shaped capillaries that run through spiral prominence
37
Q

laminated cisternae

A
  • inside OHC in supranuclear zone
38
Q

tectorial membrane

A
  • primarily collagen
  • floats over fluid space over inner spiral sulcus
  • connected to endolymphatic space
  • one end attached to limbus, over organ of corti at other side loosely attached
  • 1/2 membranes of cochlea (other BM)
  • 3 zones:
    • limbal: attachment to limbus
    • middle
    • marginal: band loosely attached to the organ of corti
39
Q

Marginal Zone (Band) of the TM

A
  • loose connection to organ of corti
  • allows it to move as basilar membrane moves
  • klimuras membrane: attaches to OHC directly
  • hensons stripe over steriocilia of IHC close to but doesn’t touch
40
Q

Middle Zone of TM

A
  • fibrous layer between
41
Q

Limbal Zone of TM

A
  • connects to the limbus

- floats over fluid space over inner spiral sulcus

42
Q

radiating arterioles

A
  • branch out from the spiral modiolar artery
43
Q

tonofilaments

A
  • found in both pilar & dieters cells
  • tubulin & actin, run from head to base, microtubules fan out into base and into head
  • dense rigid structure to provide support
  • made up of microtubules
44
Q

pillar cells

A
  • form archway in the middle of the cochlea
  • paired, heads lock together, looks like wishbone-ish
  • feet sitting on/attached to BM
  • in between inner and outer hair cells
    • keep endolymph and perilymph seperated
  • give organ of corti rigidity, tunnel of organ of corti is perilymph
  • head: endolymph
  • stalk: connect head and feet, tonofollaments run through to provide support
45
Q

OHC synaptic zone

A
  • efferent and afferent nerve terminal in soma
  • rod like structures that are fairly dense, attached to synaptic structures
  • regulate gain of cochlear amplifier
  • subsynaptic cistern
    • feature of the efferent synapse not afferent
    • stores calcium
    • when nerve terminal release calcium
46
Q

Supranuclear Zone (OHC)

A
  • laminated cisternae, inside of OHC

- protein prestin, motor protein of cell membrane, makes cell lengthen and shorten

47
Q

subcuticular OHC zone

A
  • lysosomes, organelle turnover
  • mitochondria, energy “provide the juice”
  • henson body - calcium metabolism, control the calcium metabolism which ultimately controls transduction, homeostatic mechanism
48
Q

musculotubal canal (of carotid wall)

A
  • thin canal that separates the auditory (eustachian) tube and the tensor tympani
  • located at the anterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone near its junction with the squamous portion
49
Q

tensor tympani (of musculotubal canal - of carotid wall)

A
  • stiffens the ossicular chain to reduce transmission of sounds of low frequency (damping)
  • may serve to protect the ear from noise damage
  • attached to the malleus hear the tympanic membrane & is innervated by the trigeminal (v) cranial nerve
50
Q

eustachian tube (of musculotubal canal of carotid wall)

A
  • aka auditory tube
  • canal that establishes communication between the middle ear and the nasopharynx
  • 2 functions: permit drainage of normal and diseased middle ear secretions from middle ear cavity into the nasopharynx and permit middle ear pressure to equalize with external air pressure
  • approx 35 to 28 mm in adults
  • can be 4 portioned into 4 sections:
    • osseous
    • cartilaginous
    • membranous
    • isthmus
51
Q

labyrinthine wall

A
  • aka medial wall of the tympanic cavity
  • verticall directed
  • landmarks:
    • oval window
    • promontory
    • round window
    • prominence of the face nerve canal
52
Q

promontory (of the labyrinthine wall)

A
  • rounded protrusion into the middle ear cavity, formed by the lateral projection of the first turn of the cochlea
53
Q

Jacobson’s nerve plexus (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • jacobson nerve = tympanic nerve
  • branch of glassopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)
  • branches into tympanic plexus
  • located on the surface of the promontory
54
Q

oval window (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • “kidney” shaped opening into the vestibule of the inner ear, landmark of the labyrinthine wall
  • occupied by the footplate of the stapes
55
Q

round window (of the labyrinthine wall)

A
  • circular opening into the first (basal) turn of the scala tympani of the cochlea
  • landmark of labyrinthine wall
  • located beneath oval window, in come shaped depression somewhat hidden by the promontory
  • closed by thin secondary TM
56
Q

prominence of lateral sac (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • the “bulge” in the medial wall of tympanic cavity caused by the close proximity of the lateral semicircular canal (scc)
57
Q

prominence of facial canal (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • landmark of the labyrinthine wall, just superior to the oval window, home to the facial nerve
58
Q

cochleariform process (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • curved lateral terminal of the tensor tympani muscle, the tendon of the tensor tympani emerges from the tensor tympani canal
  • follows curve of cochleariform process to its insertion on the upper part of the manubrium of the malleus
59
Q

carotid artery (of labyrinthine wall)

A
  • one on either side of head and neck
  • supplies brain with blood
  • in close proximity to the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity
  • the carotid canal which houses the carotid artery is separated from the anterior wall only by a thin plate of bone
60
Q

mucous membrane

A
  • ciliated lining of the middle ear cavity, continuous with that of nasopharynx and torus tubarius
61
Q

tensor tympani

A
  • larger of tympanic muscles
  • completely housed within bony semi canal that runs nearly parallel and superior to the osseous framework of the auditory tube
  • septum candlis musculotubarii seperates canal of this muscle from auditory tube (EuT)
  • curved terminal of muscle is cochleariform process
  • emerges from canal, sharp bend, conforms to curvature of cochleariform process and directed to insertion on upper part of manubrium of malleus
  • contraction draws malleus medially and anteriorly
  • force almost at right angles to direction of rotation of ossicular chain
  • alone muscles increases tension of TM
62
Q

stapedius

A
  • much shorter than tensor tympani
  • originates in bony canal running almost parallel to facial nerve canal on posterior wall of tympanic cavity
  • nearly vertical, but tendon nearly horizontal
  • muscle fibers originate from walls of canal and converge upon a tenson which emerges through a tiny aperture at apex of pyramidal eminence
  • tendon attaches to stapes
  • contraction exerts force on head of stapes and draws it posteriorly, perpendicular to movement of the ossicular chain
  • stapedius and tensor tympani exert forces opposite to one another and perpendicular to primary rotational axis of ossicular chain

Anatomy (5 decks)

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