Lipids Flashcards
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Steroid hormones include (3)…
sex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids
Bile acids function to…
main bile salt is ____
function as detergents to emulsify fats
glycocholate is the main bile salt
when lipids combine with carbs
glycolipids
when lipids combine with proteins
lipoproteins
Cholesterol and triglycerides are ____ in water and therefore must be transported ______
Cholesterol and triglycerides are insoluble in water and therefore must be transported in association with proteins (hence, lipoproteins)
Triglycerides are synthesized from ___ and ____ in the liver
proteins and carbs in the liver
triglycerides break down into __ and ____
free fatty acids and glycol
Triglycerides are elevated in ____, _____, and ____
DB
obesity
EtOH consumption
Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:
Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the ____.
Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the small intestine
Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:
Transport of lipids from the liver to _______.
Transport of lipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues
Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:
Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to ____.
Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)
Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:
Transport toxic foreign ____ and _____ compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of ___ and ____ (secondary function)
Transport toxic foreign hydrophobic and amphipathic compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of invasion and infection (secondary function)
Large triglyceride rich particles made by the intestine
chylomicrons
Involved in transport of dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues and liver
chylomicrons
The size of ____ depend on the amount of ingested fat
chylomicrons
Removal of ____ from chylomicrons results in smaller particles called chylomicron remnants
triglycerides
Chylomicron remnants are _____
Atherogenic: line the blood vessels to become atherosclerotic plaques
VLDL are produced in the ___
liver
VLDL are triglyceride ___ and their size depends on the amount of ___
VLDL are triglyceride rich and their size depends on the amount of triglycerides
IDL are remnants of
VLDL
The removal of triglycerides from ____ results in formation of IDL particles
The removal of triglycerides from VLDL results in formation of IDL particles
IDL is enriched in
cholesterol
LDL is AKA and is derived from ___ and __
bad cholesterol and derived from VLDL and IDL particles
____ carries the majority of the cholesterol that is in the circulation
LDL
LDL levels are increased in what health conditions (6)
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Low HDL levels
- Obesity
- DM II
- Metabolic syndrome
- Infectious or inflammatory states
Three ways that Small dense LDL particles are more pro-atherogenic than large LDL particles:
- Small dense LDL particles have a decreased affinity for the LDL receptor, leading to longer duration within the circulation
- They are more easily enter the arterial wall and bind more avidly to intra-arterial proteoglycans, which traps them in the arterial wall
- Small dense LDL particles are more susceptible to oxidation, which could result in enhanced uptake by macrophages (step involved in formation of foam cells)
HDL is AKA
“good cholesterol”
Enhances deposition of cholesterol into the liver versus the blood vessels (reverse cholesterol transport)
HDL
Lipoprotein Increased via exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol
HDL
4 properties that contribute to HDL particles ability to inhibit atherosclerosis
- Anti-oxidant
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-thrombotic
- Anti-apoptotic
Difference between lipoproteins and apolipoproteins
Lipoproteins: consist of a cholesterol molecule (Like HDL or LDL) and an apolipoprotein
Four functions of apolipoproteins
- Serve a structural role
- Act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors
- Guide formation of lipoproteins
- Serve as activators or inhibitors of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism
____ is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD.
It causes accelerated ____.
Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD
It causes accelerated atherosclerosis
____ diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase ___ levels
High-calorie diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase triglyceride (TG) levels
___ and ___ cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol
Saturated fatty acids and cholesterol cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol
Alcohol increases ___ levels and ___ levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels
Alcohol increases TG levels and HDL levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels
Risk factors for hyperlipidemia (6)
age (increasing cholesterol levels until 65)
inactive lifestyle
abdominal obesity
family hx
gender (men >females)
meds (thiazides, Beta blockers, estrogens, corticosteriods/HIV meds)
most atherogenic of all lipoproteins
LDL
This cholesterol molecule accounts for 2/3 of the total cholesterol
LDL
The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is ___
The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is > 240 mg/dl
The negative effects of LDL are ___ to the positive effects of HDL
The negative effects of LDL are equivalent to the positive effects of HDL
For every __ mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by __%
For every 10 mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by 50%
High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) =
High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) = “negative” risk factor for CAD
the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the ___ the risk of CAD
Ratio of 5.0 is average (standard) risk
Ratio of 10 is double the risk
the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the lower the risk of CAD
Most patients with severe hyperlipidemia are ____
Asymptomatic
yellow plaques on eyelids
Xanthelasma
hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)
Xanthoma
Xanthelasma
yellow plaques on eyelids
Xanthoma
hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)
___ can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia
Pancreatitis can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia
Cholesterol level > ___ mg/dL is high risk
Normal is < ___mg/dL
240
Normal is < 200
Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum ___ more than lowering ___ intake
Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum cholesterol more than lowering cholesterol intake
best way to increase HDL
exercise
Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:
___ to __ kcal per day for women
Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:
1,200 to 1,500 kcal per day for women
Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:
___ to __ kcal per day for men
Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:
1,500 to 1,800 kcal per day for men
