Lipids

Question 1

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A, D, E, K

Question 2

Steroid hormones include (3)…

Answer 2

sex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

Question 3

Bile acids function to…

main bile salt is ____

Answer 3

function as detergents to emulsify fats

glycocholate is the main bile salt

Question 4

when lipids combine with carbs

Answer 4

glycolipids

Question 5

when lipids combine with proteins

Answer 5

lipoproteins

Question 6

Cholesterol and triglycerides are ____ in water and therefore must be transported ______

Answer 6

Cholesterol and triglycerides are insoluble in water and therefore must be transported in association with proteins (hence, lipoproteins)

Question 7

Triglycerides are synthesized from ___ and ____ in the liver

Answer 7

proteins and carbs in the liver

Question 8

triglycerides break down into __ and ____

Answer 8

free fatty acids and glycol

Question 9

Triglycerides are elevated in ____, _____, and ____

Answer 9

DB
obesity
EtOH consumption

Question 10

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the ____.

Answer 10

Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the small intestine

Question 11

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport of lipids from the liver to _______.

Answer 11

Transport of lipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues

Question 12

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to ____.

Answer 12

Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)

Question 13

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport toxic foreign ____ and _____ compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of ___ and ____ (secondary function)

Answer 13

Transport toxic foreign hydrophobic and amphipathic compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of invasion and infection (secondary function)

Question 14

Large triglyceride rich particles made by the intestine

Answer 14

chylomicrons

Question 15

Involved in transport of dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues and liver

Answer 15

chylomicrons

Question 16

The size of ____ depend on the amount of ingested fat

Answer 16

chylomicrons

Question 17

Removal of ____ from chylomicrons results in smaller particles called chylomicron remnants

Answer 17

triglycerides

Question 18

Chylomicron remnants are _____

Answer 18

Atherogenic: line the blood vessels to become atherosclerotic plaques

Question 19

VLDL are produced in the ___

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

VLDL are triglyceride ___ and their size depends on the amount of ___

Answer 20

VLDL are triglyceride rich and their size depends on the amount of triglycerides

Question 21

IDL are remnants of

Answer 21

VLDL

Question 22

The removal of triglycerides from ____ results in formation of IDL particles

Answer 22

The removal of triglycerides from VLDL results in formation of IDL particles

Question 23

IDL is enriched in

Answer 23

cholesterol

Question 24

LDL is AKA and is derived from ___ and __

Answer 24

bad cholesterol and derived from VLDL and IDL particles

Question 25

____ carries the majority of the cholesterol that is in the circulation

Answer 25

LDL

Question 26

LDL levels are increased in what health conditions (6)

Answer 26

1. Hypertriglyceridemia 2. Low HDL levels 3. Obesity 4. DM II 5. Metabolic syndrome 6. Infectious or inflammatory states

Question 27

Three ways that Small dense LDL particles are more pro-atherogenic than large LDL particles:

Answer 27

1. Small dense LDL particles have a decreased affinity for the LDL receptor, leading to longer duration within the circulation 2. They are more easily enter the arterial wall and bind more avidly to intra-arterial proteoglycans, which traps them in the arterial wall 3. Small dense LDL particles are more susceptible to oxidation, which could result in enhanced uptake by macrophages (step involved in formation of foam cells)

Question 28

HDL is AKA

Answer 28

“good cholesterol”

Question 29

Enhances deposition of cholesterol into the liver versus the blood vessels (reverse cholesterol transport)

Answer 29

HDL

Question 30

Lipoprotein Increased via exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol

Answer 30

HDL

Question 31

4 properties that contribute to HDL particles ability to inhibit atherosclerosis

Answer 31

1. Anti-oxidant 2. Anti-inflammatory 3. Anti-thrombotic 4. Anti-apoptotic

Question 32

Difference between lipoproteins and apolipoproteins

Answer 32

Lipoproteins: consist of a cholesterol molecule (Like HDL or LDL) and an apolipoprotein

Question 33

Four functions of apolipoproteins

Answer 33

1. Serve a structural role 2. Act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors 3. Guide formation of lipoproteins 4. Serve as activators or inhibitors of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism

Question 34

____ is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD. It causes accelerated ____.

Answer 34

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD It causes accelerated atherosclerosis

Question 35

____ diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase ___ levels

Answer 35

High-calorie diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase triglyceride (TG) levels

Question 36

___ and ___ cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol

Answer 36

Saturated fatty acids and cholesterol cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol

Question 37

Alcohol increases ___ levels and ___ levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels

Answer 37

Alcohol increases TG levels and HDL levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels

Question 38

Risk factors for hyperlipidemia (6)

Answer 38

age (increasing cholesterol levels until 65) inactive lifestyle abdominal obesity family hx gender (men >females) meds (thiazides, Beta blockers, estrogens, corticosteriods/HIV meds)

Question 39

most atherogenic of all lipoproteins

Answer 39

LDL

Question 40

This cholesterol molecule accounts for 2/3 of the total cholesterol

Answer 40

LDL

Question 41

The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is ___

Answer 41

The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is > 240 mg/dl

Question 42

The negative effects of LDL are ___ to the positive effects of HDL

Answer 42

The negative effects of LDL are equivalent to the positive effects of HDL

Question 43

For every __ mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by __%

Answer 43

For every 10 mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by 50%

Question 44

High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) =

Answer 44

High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) = “negative” risk factor for CAD

Question 45

the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the ___ the risk of CAD Ratio of 5.0 is average (standard) risk Ratio of 10 is double the risk

Answer 45

the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the lower the risk of CAD

Question 46

Most patients with severe hyperlipidemia are ____

Answer 46

Asymptomatic

Question 47

yellow plaques on eyelids

Answer 47

Xanthelasma

Question 48

hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)

Answer 48

Xanthoma

Question 49

Xanthelasma

Answer 49

yellow plaques on eyelids

Question 50

Xanthoma

Answer 50

hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)

Question 51

___ can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia

Answer 51

Pancreatitis can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia

Question 52

Cholesterol level > ___ mg/dL is high risk Normal is < ___mg/dL

Answer 52

240 Normal is < 200

Question 53

Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum ___ more than lowering ___ intake

Answer 53

Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum cholesterol more than lowering cholesterol intake

Question 54

best way to increase HDL

Answer 54

exercise

Question 55

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight: | ___ to __ kcal per day for women

Answer 55

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight: | 1,200 to 1,500 kcal per day for women

Question 56

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight: | ___ to __ kcal per day for men

Answer 56

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight: | 1,500 to 1,800 kcal per day for men