Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steroid hormones include (3)…

A

sex hormones, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bile acids function to…

main bile salt is ____

A

function as detergents to emulsify fats

glycocholate is the main bile salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when lipids combine with carbs

A

glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when lipids combine with proteins

A

lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cholesterol and triglycerides are ____ in water and therefore must be transported ______

A

Cholesterol and triglycerides are insoluble in water and therefore must be transported in association with proteins (hence, lipoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Triglycerides are synthesized from ___ and ____ in the liver

A

proteins and carbs in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

triglycerides break down into __ and ____

A

free fatty acids and glycol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Triglycerides are elevated in ____, _____, and ____

A

DB
obesity
EtOH consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the ____.

A

Absorption and transport of dietary lipids by the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport of lipids from the liver to _______.

A

Transport of lipids from the liver to the peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to ____.

A

Transport of lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions/key roles of lipoproteins:

Transport toxic foreign ____ and _____ compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of ___ and ____ (secondary function)

A

Transport toxic foreign hydrophobic and amphipathic compounds (such as bacterial endotoxin) from areas of invasion and infection (secondary function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Large triglyceride rich particles made by the intestine

A

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Involved in transport of dietary triglycerides and cholesterol to peripheral tissues and liver

A

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The size of ____ depend on the amount of ingested fat

A

chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Removal of ____ from chylomicrons results in smaller particles called chylomicron remnants

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chylomicron remnants are _____

A

Atherogenic: line the blood vessels to become atherosclerotic plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

VLDL are produced in the ___

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

VLDL are triglyceride ___ and their size depends on the amount of ___

A

VLDL are triglyceride rich and their size depends on the amount of triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IDL are remnants of

A

VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The removal of triglycerides from ____ results in formation of IDL particles

A

The removal of triglycerides from VLDL results in formation of IDL particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

IDL is enriched in

A

cholesterol

24
Q

LDL is AKA and is derived from ___ and __

A

bad cholesterol and derived from VLDL and IDL particles

25
Q

____ carries the majority of the cholesterol that is in the circulation

A

LDL

26
Q

LDL levels are increased in what health conditions (6)

A
  1. Hypertriglyceridemia
  2. Low HDL levels
  3. Obesity
  4. DM II
  5. Metabolic syndrome
  6. Infectious or inflammatory states
27
Q

Three ways that Small dense LDL particles are more pro-atherogenic than large LDL particles:

A
  1. Small dense LDL particles have a decreased affinity for the LDL receptor, leading to longer duration within the circulation
  2. They are more easily enter the arterial wall and bind more avidly to intra-arterial proteoglycans, which traps them in the arterial wall
  3. Small dense LDL particles are more susceptible to oxidation, which could result in enhanced uptake by macrophages (step involved in formation of foam cells)
28
Q

HDL is AKA

A

“good cholesterol”

29
Q

Enhances deposition of cholesterol into the liver versus the blood vessels (reverse cholesterol transport)

A

HDL

30
Q

Lipoprotein Increased via exercise and moderate consumption of alcohol

A

HDL

31
Q

4 properties that contribute to HDL particles ability to inhibit atherosclerosis

A
  1. Anti-oxidant
  2. Anti-inflammatory
  3. Anti-thrombotic
  4. Anti-apoptotic
32
Q

Difference between lipoproteins and apolipoproteins

A

Lipoproteins: consist of a cholesterol molecule (Like HDL or LDL) and an apolipoprotein

33
Q

Four functions of apolipoproteins

A
  1. Serve a structural role
  2. Act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors
  3. Guide formation of lipoproteins
  4. Serve as activators or inhibitors of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism
34
Q

____ is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD.

It causes accelerated ____.

A

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important (and modifiable) risk factors for CAD

It causes accelerated atherosclerosis

35
Q

____ diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase ___ levels

A

High-calorie diets do not increase LDL or cholesterol levels (are “neutral”) but do increase triglyceride (TG) levels

36
Q

___ and ___ cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol

A

Saturated fatty acids and cholesterol cause elevation in LDL and total cholesterol

37
Q

Alcohol increases ___ levels and ___ levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels

A

Alcohol increases TG levels and HDL levels, but does not affect total cholesterol levels

38
Q

Risk factors for hyperlipidemia (6)

A

age (increasing cholesterol levels until 65)

inactive lifestyle

abdominal obesity

family hx

gender (men >females)

meds (thiazides, Beta blockers, estrogens, corticosteriods/HIV meds)

39
Q

most atherogenic of all lipoproteins

A

LDL

40
Q

This cholesterol molecule accounts for 2/3 of the total cholesterol

A

LDL

41
Q

The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is ___

A

The risk of ASCVD increases sharply when total cholesterol is > 240 mg/dl

42
Q

The negative effects of LDL are ___ to the positive effects of HDL

A

The negative effects of LDL are equivalent to the positive effects of HDL

43
Q

For every __ mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by __%

A

For every 10 mg/dl increase in HDL levels, CAD risk decreases by 50%

44
Q

High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) =

A

High HDL (> 60 mg/dl) = “negative” risk factor for CAD

45
Q

the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the ___ the risk of CAD

Ratio of 5.0 is average (standard) risk

Ratio of 10 is double the risk

A

the lower the total cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, the lower the risk of CAD

46
Q

Most patients with severe hyperlipidemia are ____

A

Asymptomatic

47
Q

yellow plaques on eyelids

A

Xanthelasma

48
Q

hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)

A

Xanthoma

49
Q

Xanthelasma

A

yellow plaques on eyelids

50
Q

Xanthoma

A

hard, yellowish masses found on tendons (finger extensors, Achilles tendon, plantar tendons)

51
Q

___ can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia

A

Pancreatitis can occur with severe hypertriglyceridemia

52
Q

Cholesterol level > ___ mg/dL is high risk

Normal is < ___mg/dL

A

240

Normal is < 200

53
Q

Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum ___ more than lowering ___ intake

A

Lowering fat intake (especially saturated fats) reduces serum cholesterol more than lowering cholesterol intake

54
Q

best way to increase HDL

A

exercise

55
Q

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:

___ to __ kcal per day for women

A

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:

1,200 to 1,500 kcal per day for women

56
Q

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:

___ to __ kcal per day for men

A

Recommended caloric intake to lose weight:

1,500 to 1,800 kcal per day for men

Endocrinology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions