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Endocrinology > Hatch - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Hatch - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

hypophysis AKA

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

master gland AKA

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) releases what 6 hormones

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH/LH
  4. GH
  5. Prolactin
  6. Endorphines
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4
Q

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) releases what 2 hormones

A
  1. ADH
  2. oxytocin

**these originally come from the hypothalamus as is (the anterior ones are modulated)

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5
Q

unique function of posterior pituitary gland

A

projection of hypothalamus so it does not produce its own hormones

only stores and releases ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

hormone responsible for growth: physcial and muscle development

acts on the epiphyseal plates and induces closure of them through lengthening of bones in children and widening of the bones in adults

A

growth hormone (GH) from anterior pituitary

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7
Q

hormone responsible for: stimulation of the thyroid gland to release T3, T4, and calcitonin

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary

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8
Q

hormone responsible for: milk production in the mammary glands

A

prolactin from anterior pituitary

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9
Q

hormone responsible for the stimulation of the adrenal glands to release cortisol

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary

**addison’s and cushing’s here

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10
Q

hormone responsible for: gonadotropin release to stimulate the testes to produce sperm

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary

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11
Q

hormone responsible for: stimulation of the ovaries to produce eggs

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary

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12
Q

hormone responsible for: water regulation and retention

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin from posterior pituitary

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13
Q

hormone responsible for: uterine contractions before and after delivery; let down of milk

A

oxytocin “pitocin” from posterior pituitary

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14
Q

Same disorder of excess GH but occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood.

A

Acromegaly

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15
Q

Hypopituitarism caused by blood loss during childbirth.

postpartum bleeding events create hypoxic effects on the mother

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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16
Q

Post-partum Pituitary Gland Necrosis:

Ischemic in nature – hypovolemic insult during or immediately after child birth

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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17
Q

Orange Peel Skin

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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18
Q

Cellular buildup around pores that enhances shadows – makes pores appear larger & bumpy.

An excess of fat deposition

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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19
Q

Dehydration adds cellophane-like sheen to skin and rough texture

feels like an orange too

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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20
Q

Abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action Growth Hormone (GH).

Epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood.

A

Gigantism

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21
Q

Occurs when the body’s sex glands produce little or no hormones.

  • In men, these glands (gonads) are the testes.
  • In women, these glands are the ovaries.
A

Hypogonadism

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22
Q
  • Condition related to growth hormone deficiency

- Treated with growth hormone.

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

Two types of Dwarfism

A
  1. Disproportionate Dwarfism

2. Proportionate Dwarfism

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24
Q

Body parts are in proportion but shortened.

A

proportionate dwarfism

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25
characterized by an average-size torso and shorter arms and legs or a shortened trunk with longer limbs
disproportionate dwarfism
26
A form of scarring on the skin with an off-color hue.
striae
27
Caused by tearing of the dermis, which over time may diminish, but will not disappear completely.
striae
28
Often the result of the rapid stretching of the skin associated with rapid growth or rapid weight changes.
striae
29
These hormonal changes associated with: puberty, pregnancy, bodybuilding, and HRT can result in what on the skin?
striae
30
First thing to look for when you think you've got an endocrine problem with the pituitary
adenoma!
31
treatment of pituitary disease usually involves...
- hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (as the hormone is deficient) - treat underlying cause: surgery or chem
32
common diagnostics for pituitary disease
blood tests CT MRI x-ray
33
too little growth hormone
dwarfism
34
too much growth hormone
acromegaly (adults) & gigantism (children)
35
adult characteristics of dwarfism
bone growth stops increased fat deposits decreased muscle mass
36
adult characteristics of acromegaly
``` lateral growth (can't get taller as the growth plates have closed) sx occur gradually enlarged hands/feet change in facial shape wide spacing of teeth ```
37
what you need to know about acrogmegaly in it's effects on the body: (10)
- widening of teeth - glucosuria - enlarged tongue - optic atrophy - papilledema - palsy - visual field defects - frontal bossing - goiter - voice change
38
Hypothalamus --> Pituitary --> Thyroid axis:
Hypothalmus: releases TRH Pituitary: releases TSH Thyroid: releases T3, T4, calcitonin
39
- Temperature sensitivities. - Unexplained weight gain. - Increased Cholesterol. - Hoarse voice. - Dry skin. - Heavier menstrual flows.
hypothyroidism
40
- Hyperactivity. - Anxiety. - Cardiac irritability (AF/VT). - Wt loss with increased appetite. - N/V/D.
hyperthyroidism
41
These situations have been previous concerns/still continue to be concerns about hyperthyroidism
thyroxin at a grandma's house getting into the hands of little kids hamburger hyperthyroidism - hamburger meat contaminated with thyroid tissue amiodarone - effects thyroid and induces hyperthyroid state
42
Two diseases of hypothyroidism to know
1. Hashimoto's disease/ thyroiditis | 2. Myxedema
43
MCC of primary hyopthyrodism? Who does it commonly effect? How do you treat it?
1. hashimoto's 2. > 20:1 of females:males 3. levothyroxine
44
A state known as ____ when Hashimoto's has been allowed to continue for a length of time.
Myxedema - life-threatening (medical emergency)
45
severe prolonged hypothyroidism
myxedema
46
Two diseases of hyperthyroidism to know
1. grave's disease | 2. plummer's disease
47
MC hyperthryoidism
grave's disease
48
Grave's disease: what kind of disease? Common S/Sx? (8)
``` autoimmune disease S/Sx: 1. Goiter 2. Exopthalmosis 3. Orange peel skin 4. Anxiety/irritability 5. Fine tremors in hands 6. Weight loss despite normal appetite 7. Fatigue 8. Heat sensitivity ```
49
Plummer's disease =
adenoma (usually in pituitary or thyroid)
50
2nd MCC of hyperthryoidism
plummer's disease
51
Hypothalamus --> Pituitary --> Adrenal glands Axis
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin --> Pituitary releases ACTH --> Adrenal glands release glucocortcoids and mineralcorticoids that stimulate cortisol release Addison's disease & Cushing's disease
52
cortisol effects (4) on the body
1. maintains BP 2. regulates metabolism 3. weakens immune system/body's response to stress 4. reduces histamine secretion
53
Addison's have ____ cortisol levels
Absent/low cortisol levels
54
Cushing's disease has ___ cortisol levels
crazy high cortisol levels
55
Low ___ levels have s/sx of: - mood/personality changes - joint muscle pain - hypoglycemia - fatigue - V/D, sweating
Low cortisol (such as in addison's)
56
High ___ levels have s/sx of: - fatty deposits between shoulders (buffalo hump/supraclavicular fat deposits) - rounded (moon) face - pink/purple striae
High cortisol levels (such as in Cushing's)
57
Chronic adrenal insufficiency is AKA
addison's disease
58
treatment of addison's disease:
hydrocortisone
59
- orthostatic hypotension | - Hyperpigmented areas of buccal cavity, hands, skin creases, nipples, old scares
addison's
60
Hyperadrenocorticism is AKA
cushing's syndrome
61
MC form of cushing's syndrome:
non-cancerous tumor (adenoma) of pituitary gland that is cured with surgery
62
Two types of Cushing's disease
``` Endogenous Exogenous (MC - iatrogenic) ```
63
Subtypes of endogenous Cushing's disease
1. (MC) pituitary adenoma causing excess ACTH | 2. adrenal adenoma causing excess cortisol
64
gonadotropin hormones
FSH & LH
65
Primary hypogonadism
end organs: ovaries/testes are not functionally properly
66
Central hypogonadism
Centers in brain that control the gonads (hypothalamus and pituitary) are not functioning properly
67
Turner's syndrome occurs in ___ and affects ____ body systems
females and affects CV and skin
68
Klinefelter's occurs in
males and affects whole body
69
Characteristics of hypogonadism in males
lack of development of male sex characteristics: breasts enlarge, lose beard and body hair, muscles disappear, etc.
70
Characteristics of hypogonadism in females
Sx similar to menopause: hot flashes, loss of body hair, low libido, menstruation stops
71
major prolactin inhibitor drug
dopamine!
72
_____ testing is required in a patient suspected of _____ unless the patient is _____ or has had a _____
pregnancy testing is required in a patient suspected of prolactinemia unless the patient is postmenopausal or has had a hysterectomy
73
hormone that: - stimulates milk ejection - stimulates uterine contraction - helps stop post partum bleeding
oxytocin
74
ADH has an effect on what three body systems
1. renal: water regulation 2. cardiovascular: increases arterial pressure 3. central nervous: memory formation

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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