Hatch - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Flashcards
hypophysis AKA
pituitary gland
master gland AKA
pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) releases what 6 hormones
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH/LH
- GH
- Prolactin
- Endorphines
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) releases what 2 hormones
- ADH
- oxytocin
**these originally come from the hypothalamus as is (the anterior ones are modulated)
unique function of posterior pituitary gland
projection of hypothalamus so it does not produce its own hormones
only stores and releases ADH and oxytocin
hormone responsible for growth: physcial and muscle development
acts on the epiphyseal plates and induces closure of them through lengthening of bones in children and widening of the bones in adults
growth hormone (GH) from anterior pituitary
hormone responsible for: stimulation of the thyroid gland to release T3, T4, and calcitonin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary
hormone responsible for: milk production in the mammary glands
prolactin from anterior pituitary
hormone responsible for the stimulation of the adrenal glands to release cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary
**addison’s and cushing’s here
hormone responsible for: gonadotropin release to stimulate the testes to produce sperm
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary
hormone responsible for: stimulation of the ovaries to produce eggs
luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary
hormone responsible for: water regulation and retention
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin from posterior pituitary
hormone responsible for: uterine contractions before and after delivery; let down of milk
oxytocin “pitocin” from posterior pituitary
Same disorder of excess GH but occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood.
Acromegaly
Hypopituitarism caused by blood loss during childbirth.
postpartum bleeding events create hypoxic effects on the mother
Sheehan Syndrome
Post-partum Pituitary Gland Necrosis:
Ischemic in nature – hypovolemic insult during or immediately after child birth
Sheehan Syndrome
Orange Peel Skin
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s
Cellular buildup around pores that enhances shadows – makes pores appear larger & bumpy.
An excess of fat deposition
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s
Dehydration adds cellophane-like sheen to skin and rough texture
feels like an orange too
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s
Abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action Growth Hormone (GH).
Epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood.
Gigantism
Occurs when the body’s sex glands produce little or no hormones.
- In men, these glands (gonads) are the testes.
- In women, these glands are the ovaries.
Hypogonadism
- Condition related to growth hormone deficiency
- Treated with growth hormone.
Dwarfism
Two types of Dwarfism
- Disproportionate Dwarfism
2. Proportionate Dwarfism
Body parts are in proportion but shortened.
proportionate dwarfism
characterized by an average-size torso and shorter arms and legs or a shortened trunk with longer limbs
disproportionate dwarfism
A form ofscarringon theskinwith an off-color hue.
striae
Caused by tearing of thedermis, which over time may diminish, but will not disappear completely.
striae
Often the result of the rapid stretching of the skin associated with rapid growth or rapid weight changes.
striae
These hormonal changes associated with: puberty, pregnancy, bodybuilding, and HRT can result in what on the skin?
striae
First thing to look for when you think you’ve got an endocrine problem with the pituitary
adenoma!
treatment of pituitary disease usually involves…
- hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (as the hormone is deficient)
- treat underlying cause: surgery or chem
common diagnostics for pituitary disease
blood tests
CT
MRI
x-ray
too little growth hormone
dwarfism
too much growth hormone
acromegaly (adults) & gigantism (children)
adult characteristics of dwarfism
bone growth stops
increased fat deposits
decreased muscle mass
adult characteristics of acromegaly
lateral growth (can't get taller as the growth plates have closed) sx occur gradually enlarged hands/feet change in facial shape wide spacing of teeth
what you need to know about acrogmegaly in it’s effects on the body: (10)
- widening of teeth
- glucosuria
- enlarged tongue
- optic atrophy
- papilledema
- palsy
- visual field defects
- frontal bossing
- goiter
- voice change
Hypothalamus –> Pituitary –> Thyroid axis:
Hypothalmus: releases TRH
Pituitary: releases TSH
Thyroid: releases T3, T4, calcitonin
- Temperature sensitivities.
- Unexplained weight gain.
- Increased Cholesterol.
- Hoarse voice.
- Dry skin.
- Heavier menstrual flows.
hypothyroidism
- Hyperactivity.
- Anxiety.
- Cardiac irritability (AF/VT).
- Wt loss with increased appetite.
- N/V/D.
hyperthyroidism
These situations have been previous concerns/still continue to be concerns about hyperthyroidism
thyroxin at a grandma’s house getting into the hands of little kids
hamburger hyperthyroidism - hamburger meat contaminated with thyroid tissue
amiodarone - effects thyroid and induces hyperthyroid state
Two diseases of hypothyroidism to know
- Hashimoto’s disease/ thyroiditis
2. Myxedema
MCC of primary hyopthyrodism?
Who does it commonly effect?
How do you treat it?
- hashimoto’s
- > 20:1 of females:males
- levothyroxine
A state known as ____ when Hashimoto’s has been allowed to continue for a length of time.
Myxedema - life-threatening (medical emergency)
severe prolonged hypothyroidism
myxedema
Two diseases of hyperthyroidism to know
- grave’s disease
2. plummer’s disease
MC hyperthryoidism
grave’s disease
Grave’s disease: what kind of disease?
Common S/Sx? (8)
autoimmune disease S/Sx: 1. Goiter 2. Exopthalmosis 3. Orange peel skin 4. Anxiety/irritability 5. Fine tremors in hands 6. Weight loss despite normal appetite 7. Fatigue 8. Heat sensitivity
Plummer’s disease =
adenoma (usually in pituitary or thyroid)
2nd MCC of hyperthryoidism
plummer’s disease
Hypothalamus –> Pituitary –> Adrenal glands Axis
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin –> Pituitary releases ACTH –> Adrenal glands release glucocortcoids and mineralcorticoids that stimulate cortisol release
Addison’s disease & Cushing’s disease
cortisol effects (4) on the body
- maintains BP
- regulates metabolism
- weakens immune system/body’s response to stress
- reduces histamine secretion
Addison’s have ____ cortisol levels
Absent/low cortisol levels
Cushing’s disease has ___ cortisol levels
crazy high cortisol levels
Low ___ levels have s/sx of:
- mood/personality changes
- joint muscle pain
- hypoglycemia
- fatigue
- V/D, sweating
Low cortisol (such as in addison’s)
High ___ levels have s/sx of:
- fatty deposits between shoulders (buffalo hump/supraclavicular fat deposits)
- rounded (moon) face
- pink/purple striae
High cortisol levels (such as in Cushing’s)
Chronic adrenal insufficiency is AKA
addison’s disease
treatment of addison’s disease:
hydrocortisone
- orthostatic hypotension
- Hyperpigmented areas of buccal cavity, hands, skin creases, nipples, old scares
addison’s
Hyperadrenocorticism is AKA
cushing’s syndrome
MC form of cushing’s syndrome:
non-cancerous tumor (adenoma) of pituitary gland that is cured with surgery
Two types of Cushing’s disease
Endogenous Exogenous (MC - iatrogenic)
Subtypes of endogenous Cushing’s disease
- (MC) pituitary adenoma causing excess ACTH
2. adrenal adenoma causing excess cortisol
gonadotropin hormones
FSH & LH
Primary hypogonadism
end organs: ovaries/testes are not functionally properly
Central hypogonadism
Centers in brain that control the gonads (hypothalamus and pituitary) are not functioning properly
Turner’s syndrome occurs in ___ and affects ____ body systems
females and affects CV and skin
Klinefelter’s occurs in
males and affects whole body
Characteristics of hypogonadism in males
lack of development of male sex characteristics: breasts enlarge, lose beard and body hair, muscles disappear, etc.
Characteristics of hypogonadism in females
Sx similar to menopause: hot flashes, loss of body hair, low libido, menstruation stops
major prolactin inhibitor drug
dopamine!
_____ testing is required in a patient suspected of _____ unless the patient is _____ or has had a _____
pregnancy testing is required in a patient suspected of prolactinemia unless the patient is postmenopausal or has had a hysterectomy
hormone that:
- stimulates milk ejection
- stimulates uterine contraction
- helps stop post partum bleeding
oxytocin
ADH has an effect on what three body systems
- renal: water regulation
- cardiovascular: increases arterial pressure
- central nervous: memory formation
