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Endocrinology > Hatch - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Hatch - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

hypophysis AKA

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

master gland AKA

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) releases what 6 hormones

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. FSH/LH
  4. GH
  5. Prolactin
  6. Endorphines
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4
Q

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) releases what 2 hormones

A
  1. ADH
  2. oxytocin

**these originally come from the hypothalamus as is (the anterior ones are modulated)

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5
Q

unique function of posterior pituitary gland

A

projection of hypothalamus so it does not produce its own hormones

only stores and releases ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

hormone responsible for growth: physcial and muscle development

acts on the epiphyseal plates and induces closure of them through lengthening of bones in children and widening of the bones in adults

A

growth hormone (GH) from anterior pituitary

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7
Q

hormone responsible for: stimulation of the thyroid gland to release T3, T4, and calcitonin

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary

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8
Q

hormone responsible for: milk production in the mammary glands

A

prolactin from anterior pituitary

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9
Q

hormone responsible for the stimulation of the adrenal glands to release cortisol

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary

**addison’s and cushing’s here

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10
Q

hormone responsible for: gonadotropin release to stimulate the testes to produce sperm

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from anterior pituitary

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11
Q

hormone responsible for: stimulation of the ovaries to produce eggs

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary

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12
Q

hormone responsible for: water regulation and retention

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin from posterior pituitary

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13
Q

hormone responsible for: uterine contractions before and after delivery; let down of milk

A

oxytocin “pitocin” from posterior pituitary

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14
Q

Same disorder of excess GH but occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood.

A

Acromegaly

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15
Q

Hypopituitarism caused by blood loss during childbirth.

postpartum bleeding events create hypoxic effects on the mother

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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16
Q

Post-partum Pituitary Gland Necrosis:

Ischemic in nature – hypovolemic insult during or immediately after child birth

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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17
Q

Orange Peel Skin

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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18
Q

Cellular buildup around pores that enhances shadows – makes pores appear larger & bumpy.

An excess of fat deposition

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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19
Q

Dehydration adds cellophane-like sheen to skin and rough texture

feels like an orange too

A

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s

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20
Q

Abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action Growth Hormone (GH).

Epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood.

A

Gigantism

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21
Q

Occurs when the body’s sex glands produce little or no hormones.

  • In men, these glands (gonads) are the testes.
  • In women, these glands are the ovaries.
A

Hypogonadism

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22
Q
  • Condition related to growth hormone deficiency

- Treated with growth hormone.

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

Two types of Dwarfism

A
  1. Disproportionate Dwarfism

2. Proportionate Dwarfism

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24
Q

Body parts are in proportion but shortened.

A

proportionate dwarfism

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25
Q

characterized by an average-size torso and shorter arms and legs or a shortened trunk with longer limbs

A

disproportionate dwarfism

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26
Q

A form ofscarringon theskinwith an off-color hue.

A

striae

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27
Q

Caused by tearing of thedermis, which over time may diminish, but will not disappear completely.

A

striae

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28
Q

Often the result of the rapid stretching of the skin associated with rapid growth or rapid weight changes.

A

striae

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29
Q

These hormonal changes associated with: puberty, pregnancy, bodybuilding, and HRT can result in what on the skin?

A

striae

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30
Q

First thing to look for when you think you’ve got an endocrine problem with the pituitary

A

adenoma!

31
Q

treatment of pituitary disease usually involves…

A
  • hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (as the hormone is deficient)
  • treat underlying cause: surgery or chem
32
Q

common diagnostics for pituitary disease

A

blood tests
CT
MRI
x-ray

33
Q

too little growth hormone

A

dwarfism

34
Q

too much growth hormone

A

acromegaly (adults) & gigantism (children)

35
Q

adult characteristics of dwarfism

A

bone growth stops
increased fat deposits
decreased muscle mass

36
Q

adult characteristics of acromegaly

A 
lateral growth (can't get taller as the growth plates have closed)
sx occur gradually
enlarged hands/feet 
change in facial shape
wide spacing of teeth
37
Q

what you need to know about acrogmegaly in it’s effects on the body: (10)

A
  • widening of teeth
  • glucosuria
  • enlarged tongue
  • optic atrophy
  • papilledema
  • palsy
  • visual field defects
  • frontal bossing
  • goiter
  • voice change
38
Q

Hypothalamus –> Pituitary –> Thyroid axis:

A

Hypothalmus: releases TRH

Pituitary: releases TSH

Thyroid: releases T3, T4, calcitonin

39
Q
  • Temperature sensitivities.
  • Unexplained weight gain.
  • Increased Cholesterol.
  • Hoarse voice.
  • Dry skin.
  • Heavier menstrual flows.
A

hypothyroidism

40
Q
  • Hyperactivity.
  • Anxiety.
  • Cardiac irritability (AF/VT).
  • Wt loss with increased appetite.
  • N/V/D.
A

hyperthyroidism

41
Q

These situations have been previous concerns/still continue to be concerns about hyperthyroidism

A

thyroxin at a grandma’s house getting into the hands of little kids

hamburger hyperthyroidism - hamburger meat contaminated with thyroid tissue

amiodarone - effects thyroid and induces hyperthyroid state

42
Q

Two diseases of hypothyroidism to know

A
  1. Hashimoto’s disease/ thyroiditis

2. Myxedema

43
Q

MCC of primary hyopthyrodism?
Who does it commonly effect?
How do you treat it?

A
  1. hashimoto’s
  2. > 20:1 of females:males
  3. levothyroxine
44
Q

A state known as ____ when Hashimoto’s has been allowed to continue for a length of time.

A

Myxedema - life-threatening (medical emergency)

45
Q

severe prolonged hypothyroidism

A

myxedema

46
Q

Two diseases of hyperthyroidism to know

A
  1. grave’s disease

2. plummer’s disease

47
Q

MC hyperthryoidism

A

grave’s disease

48
Q

Grave’s disease: what kind of disease?

Common S/Sx? (8)

A 
autoimmune disease
S/Sx:
1. Goiter
2. Exopthalmosis
3. Orange peel skin
4. Anxiety/irritability
5. Fine tremors in hands
6. Weight loss despite normal appetite
7. Fatigue
8. Heat sensitivity
49
Q

Plummer’s disease =

A

adenoma (usually in pituitary or thyroid)

50
Q

2nd MCC of hyperthryoidism

A

plummer’s disease

51
Q

Hypothalamus –> Pituitary –> Adrenal glands Axis

A

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin –> Pituitary releases ACTH –> Adrenal glands release glucocortcoids and mineralcorticoids that stimulate cortisol release

Addison’s disease & Cushing’s disease

52
Q

cortisol effects (4) on the body

A
  1. maintains BP
  2. regulates metabolism
  3. weakens immune system/body’s response to stress
  4. reduces histamine secretion
53
Q

Addison’s have ____ cortisol levels

A

Absent/low cortisol levels

54
Q

Cushing’s disease has ___ cortisol levels

A

crazy high cortisol levels

55
Q

Low ___ levels have s/sx of:

  • mood/personality changes
  • joint muscle pain
  • hypoglycemia
  • fatigue
  • V/D, sweating
A

Low cortisol (such as in addison’s)

56
Q

High ___ levels have s/sx of:

  • fatty deposits between shoulders (buffalo hump/supraclavicular fat deposits)
  • rounded (moon) face
  • pink/purple striae
A

High cortisol levels (such as in Cushing’s)

57
Q

Chronic adrenal insufficiency is AKA

A

addison’s disease

58
Q

treatment of addison’s disease:

A

hydrocortisone

59
Q
  • orthostatic hypotension

- Hyperpigmented areas of buccal cavity, hands, skin creases, nipples, old scares

A

addison’s

60
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is AKA

A

cushing’s syndrome

61
Q

MC form of cushing’s syndrome:

A

non-cancerous tumor (adenoma) of pituitary gland that is cured with surgery

62
Q

Two types of Cushing’s disease

A 
Endogenous 
Exogenous (MC - iatrogenic)
63
Q

Subtypes of endogenous Cushing’s disease

A
  1. (MC) pituitary adenoma causing excess ACTH

2. adrenal adenoma causing excess cortisol

64
Q

gonadotropin hormones

A

FSH & LH

65
Q

Primary hypogonadism

A

end organs: ovaries/testes are not functionally properly

66
Q

Central hypogonadism

A

Centers in brain that control the gonads (hypothalamus and pituitary) are not functioning properly

67
Q

Turner’s syndrome occurs in ___ and affects ____ body systems

A

females and affects CV and skin

68
Q

Klinefelter’s occurs in

A

males and affects whole body

69
Q

Characteristics of hypogonadism in males

A

lack of development of male sex characteristics: breasts enlarge, lose beard and body hair, muscles disappear, etc.

70
Q

Characteristics of hypogonadism in females

A

Sx similar to menopause: hot flashes, loss of body hair, low libido, menstruation stops

71
Q

major prolactin inhibitor drug

A

dopamine!

72
Q

_____ testing is required in a patient suspected of _____ unless the patient is _____ or has had a _____

A

pregnancy testing is required in a patient suspected of prolactinemia unless the patient is postmenopausal or has had a hysterectomy

73
Q

hormone that:

  • stimulates milk ejection
  • stimulates uterine contraction
  • helps stop post partum bleeding
A

oxytocin

74
Q

ADH has an effect on what three body systems

A
  1. renal: water regulation
  2. cardiovascular: increases arterial pressure
  3. central nervous: memory formation

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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