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Metabolism and Nutrition > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

L1: ______ is the enzyme in the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis.

A

HMG CoA reductase

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2
Q

L1: Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondrion to the cytosol in fatty acid synthesis by conversion to _______.

A

Citrate

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3
Q

L1: At mild to moderate exercise, _____ provides the primary source of energy for ATP synthesis.

A

Fat

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4
Q

L1: During vigorous exercise, _____ provides the primary source of energy for ATP synthesis.

A

Carbohydrates

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5
Q

L1: Geranyl pyrophosphate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, and squalene are intermediates in synthesis of _____.

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

L1: In order to be transported into the mitochondria for beta oxidation, fatty acyl CoA is conjugated to ______.

A

Carnitine

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7
Q

L1: The rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid breakdown is _______.

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1)

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8
Q

L1: What % of caloric intake is accounted for by fat?

A

25-35%

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9
Q

L1: What enzyme activates hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

Protein Kinase A

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10
Q

L1: What is a required coenzyme for acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Biotin

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11
Q

L1: What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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12
Q

L1: What type of fat? Fish and seafood

A

Omega-3 fat

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13
Q

L1: What type of fat? Margarine, processed foods

A

Trans fats

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14
Q

L1: Which lipid? Important in signal transduction, reservoir for arachidonic acid

A

Phosphatidylinositol

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15
Q

L1: Which lipid? Most abundant phospholipid in the body, important in lung surfactant, present in bile

A

Phosphatidylcholine

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16
Q

L1: Which lipoprotein? 10:1 triglyceride:cholesterol ratio, very large

A

Chylomicrons

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17
Q

L1: Which lipoprotein? Reservoir of phospholipids

A

HDL

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18
Q

L1: Which lipoprotein? Very atherogenic, more cholesterol than triglycerides

A

LDL

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19
Q

L1: Which tissue contains glycerol kinase, which can convert glycerol directly to glycerol-phosphate?

A

Liver

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20
Q

L2: _____ catalyzes exchange of cholesterol esters and triglycerides between VLDL and HDL.

A

Cholesterol Ester Binding Protein (CETP)

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21
Q

L2: _____ is produced in the rate limiting step of ketone body synthesis.

A

HMG CoA

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22
Q

L2: ______ are the ketones produced in ketogenesis.

A

3-hydroxybutyrate, Acetone

23
Q

L2: ______ catalyzes transfer of a fatty acid to cholesterol to trap it in HDL.

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)

24
Q

L2: ______ is produced in the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis.

A

Mevalonate

25
Q

L2: Beta oxidation in the mitochondira involves __ steps and produces _______.

A

4; NADH, FADH2, acetyl-CoA

26
Q

L2: Fatty acid addition to glycerol is catalyzed by _______.

A

Acyltransferase

27
Q

L2: Fatty acids are desaturated by ________ in the ER.

A

Mixed Function Oxidases

28
Q

L2: How does insulin increase the action of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase to dephosphorylate acetyl CoA carboxylase to its active form

29
Q

L2: In negative energy states, triglycerides are broken down by ________.

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase

30
Q

L2: Malonyl CoA is converted to _______ by ______ in fatty acid synthesis.

A

Palmitic acid; fatty acid synthase

31
Q

L2: Name two fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet.

A

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid

32
Q

L2: Polymerization of Acetyl CoA carboxylase ______ its function.

A

increases

33
Q

L2: The initial substrate for ketogenesis is _______.

A

Acetyl CoA

34
Q

L2: What enzyme is rate-limiting in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

35
Q

L2: What facilitates transport of cholesterol from tissues to HDL

A

ABC-A1 binding cassette

36
Q

L2: What is a key inhibitor of CPT1?

A

Malonyl CoA

37
Q

L2: What is produced in the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Malonyl CoA

38
Q

L2: What is the ligand for the LDL receptor?

A

apoprotein B100

39
Q

L2: What is the ligand for the remnant particle receptor?

A

apoprotein E

40
Q

L2: What is the rate limiting enzyme in beta oxidation?

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1)

41
Q

L2: What is the rate limiting enzyme in ketogenesis?

A

HMG CoA synthase

42
Q

L2: What type of fat? Manteca, red meat fat, lard

A

Saturated

43
Q

L2: What type of fat? Olive oil and canola oil

A

Monounsaturated fat

44
Q

L2: What type of fat? Vegetable and corn oils

A

Omega-6 fat

45
Q

L2: When a fatty acid has an odd number of carbons, the final three carbon molecule, ______, is converted to _______.

A

Proprionyl CoA, succinyl CoA

46
Q

L2: Which apoproteins are present on newly synthesized chylomicrons? Which are acquired in circulation?

A

B48; C2, E

47
Q

L2: Which apoproteins are present on newly synthesized HDL? Which are acquired in circulation?

A

A1, C2, E; none

48
Q

L2: Which apoproteins are present on newly VLDL/LDL? Which are acquired in circulation?

A

B100; C2, E

49
Q

L2: Which fatty acid synthesis intermediate activates Acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Citrate

50
Q

L2: Which fatty acid synthesis intermediate inhbits Acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A

Malonyl CoA

51
Q

L2: Which glycolysis intermediate can be converted to glycerol for fatty acid synthesis? What tissues does this occur in?

A

Dihydroxyacetone-Phosphate; Liver and adipose tissue

52
Q

L2: Which lipoprotein? Atherogenic, 1:1 triglyceride:cholesterol ratio

A

Remnant Particles

53
Q

L3: What additional enzymes may be required for breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

3,2-enoyl CoA isomerase, NADPH-dependent reductase

Metabolism and Nutrition (10 decks)

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