Diabetes Flashcards
L1: Continued production of ______ is associated with decreased development of complications.
C-peptide
L1: The _____ pathway involves high influx of glucose into cells that may result in osmotic oxidative stress.
Polyol
L1: What antibodies are typically tested for in type 1 diabetes?
Anti-GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase)
L1: What is the most common acute complication of diabetes?
Hypoglycemia
L1: Which drug? Increase beta cell insulin secretion by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Sulfonylureas
L1: Which drug? Secretagogues that enhance insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, decrease appetite, and decrease gut motility
GLP-1 agonists
L1: Which insulin product cannot be mixed with other insulins?
Glargine
L1: Which insulin product is cloudy?
NPH
L1: Which long-acting insulin must be administered twice daily?
Detemir
L2: What are complications for babies of diabetic mothers?
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes; macrosomia
L2: What are the target glucose levels for diabetic patients for random and pre-meal levels?
Less than 180; 70-130
L2: What are two genetic factors in T1D.
HLA-DR3/4; VNTRs in the insulin gene
L2: Which drug? Activate PPAR-gamma to increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Thiazolidinediones
L2: Which drug? Can cause hypoglycemia, weight gain, and hemolytic anemia; contraindicated with sulfa allergy
Sulfonylureas
L2: Which drug? Decrease renal reabsorption of glucose to increase glucose excretion
SGLT-2 inhibitors
L2: Which drug? Increase insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, no effects on appetite or GI motility/secretions
DPP-4 inhibitors
L2: Which drug? Potentiates insulin effects on hepatic glucose production
Metformin
L2: Which drug? Weight gain, contraindicated with CHF, liver disease, or high CV risk
Thiazolidinediones
L2: Which drug? Weight loss, BP lowering, UTIs, hypovolemia, hypokalemia, possible effects on bone metabolism
SGLT-2 inhibitors
L2: Which drug? Weight loss, expensive, must be injected
GLP-1 agonists
L2: Which drug? Weight neutral, nasopharyngitis, headache
DPP-4 inhibitors
L2: Which drug? Weight neutral, no risk of hypoglycemia, GI side effects, contraindicated in CHF, renal impairment, and metabolic acidosis
Metformin
L2: Which pathologic pattern? Autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in mitochondrial genes and the glucokinase gene
Maternal Onset Diabetes of the Young
L2: Which pathologic pattern? Gastroparesis, sexual dysfunction, hypostatic hypotension, hypoglycemia unawareness, neuropathic in nature
Autonomic neuropathy
L2: Which pathologic pattern? Stocking glove distribution of neuropathy, +/- pain, superficial paresthesias, deep gnawing
Distal symmetric polyneuropathic
L2: Which pathologic pattern? Vascular occlusion to a single nerve distribution
Mononeuritis Multiplex
L2: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in pancreatitis?
DPP-4 inhibitors
L3: Name 4 autoantigens in T1D.
Insulin; GAD; Zn transporter; Tyrosine Phosphatase-like protein
L3: Which T2D drugs are associated with weight gain?
Sulfonylureas, Thiazolidinediones
L3: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in CHF?
Metformin; Thiazolidinediones
L3: Which T2D drugs are contraindicated in renal insufficiency
Use sulfonylureas with caution, SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin
L3: Which T2D drugs have higher hypoglycemia risk?
Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists
