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Metabolism and Nutrition > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

L1: Glycogen breakdown is catalyzed by _______.

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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2
Q

L1: Glycogen synthase creates polymers of glycose with ____ linkages.

A

Alpha 1-4

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3
Q

L1: Insulin release by beta cells is stimulated by opening of ______ channels.

A

ATP-dependent Potassium

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4
Q

L1: Name key products of the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate

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5
Q

L1: What % of the diet is accounted for by carbohydrates usually?

A

45-60%

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6
Q

L1: What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin release?

A

Decreases release

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7
Q

L1: What is the relative glycemic index for the following foods: croissant, coca-cola, raisin bran, whole grain bread?

A

Medium

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8
Q

L1: What is the relative glycemic index for the following foods: sourdough bread, apple juice, pumpernickel, oatmeal, pasta, basmati rice?

A

Low

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9
Q

L1: What is the relative glycemic index for the following foods: white bread, doughnuts, corn flakes, white rice?

A

High

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10
Q

L1: What percentage of total energy expenditure? Basal metabolic rate? Thermic effect of food?

A

75%; 8%

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11
Q

L1: Which intracellular proteins are activated to effect the metabolic actions of insulin?

A

Tyrosine kinases

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12
Q

L2: ______, involved in phosphorylation of glucose, has a high Km and Vmax

A

Glucokinase

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13
Q

L2: ______, involved in phosphorylation of glucose, has a low Km and Vmax

A

Hexokinase

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14
Q

L2: Depleted glutathione and Heinz bodies in RBCs are characteristic of a deficiency of ________.

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

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15
Q

L2: FADH2 produced in the TCA cycle is produced in a step involving the production of _______.

A

Fumarate

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16
Q

L2: Fructose enters glycolysis at the level of _______.

A

Fructose-1,6-bis-phosphate

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17
Q

L2: Glucokinase is inhibited by _____-6-phosphate.

A

fructose

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18
Q

L2: Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by _____ in all cells of the body.

A

Hexokinase

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19
Q

L2: Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by ______ in the liver and pancreatic Beta cells.

A

Glucokinase

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20
Q

L2: GLUT__ transporters are insulin-______ and take up glucose in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

A

4; sensitive

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21
Q

L2: GLUT__ transporters are insulin-______ and take up glucose in the liver

A

2; independent

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22
Q

L2: GTP produced in the TCA cycle is produced in a step involving the production of ______.

A

Succinate

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23
Q

L2: Hexokinase is inhibited by _____-6-phosphate.

A

glucose

24
Q

L2: In galactose metabolism, galactose is converted to ______, which may then be converted to glucose

A

UDP-galactose

25
Q

L2: Name a key mediator in mitochondrial proliferation.

A

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Co-activator-1-alpha (PGC1-alpha)

26
Q

L2: What byproducts are produced in the conversion of pyruvate to acetly CoA by PDH?

A

NADH, Carbon dioxide

27
Q

L2: What effect do fatty acids have on PDH?

A

Allosteric Inhibition

28
Q

L2: What effect does citrate have on glycolysis?

A

Inhition of PFK-1

29
Q

L2: What enzyme is responsible for interconversion between glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate in glycogen metabolism?

A

Phosphoglucomutase

30
Q

L2: What is the best way to measure total energy expenditure?

A

Doubly labeled water

31
Q

L2: What is the effect of acetylcholine on insulin release?

A

Increases release

32
Q

L2: What is the effect of AMP on glycogen breakdown?

A

Allosteric activation of glycogen phosphorylase

33
Q

L2: What is the effect of calcium on glycogen breakdown?

A

Activates phosphorylase kinase, which phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase

34
Q

L2: What is the key enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

35
Q

L2: What is the most accurate way to measure body composition?

A

DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry)

36
Q

L2: What is the predominant form of starch found in basmati rice and bananas?

A

Amylose

37
Q

L2: What is the predominant form of starch found in white bread, potatoes, and pastas?

A

Amylopectin

38
Q

L2: Where does glycogen synthesis and breakdown occur?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

39
Q

L2: Which carbohydrate is often seen in beans, onions, asparagus, other vegetables, and probiotics?

A

Oligosaccharides

40
Q

L2: Which cells produce GLP-1?

A

L cells of the intestinal mucosa

41
Q

L2: Which enzyme in the TCA cycle is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

42
Q

L2: Which gluconeogenic enzyme is found only in the liver and kidney?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

43
Q

L2: Which intermediate in gluconeogenesis crosses the mitochondrial membrane to enter the cytosol?

A

Malate

44
Q

L2: Which intracellular proteins are activated to effect the mitogenic actions of insulin?

A

MAP kinases

45
Q

L2: Which two enzymes early in gluconeogenesis require ATP?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK)

46
Q

L2: Which type of polysaccharide is found significantly in whole grains, vegetables, fruits, bran, celery, and beans?

A

Fiber

47
Q

L2: Which type of starch is slowly absorbed and exists in a crystal structure (Ex. corn starch)?

A

Resistant starch

48
Q

L3: ATP produced in glycolysis are produced in steps involving the production of _______.

A

3-Phosphoglycerate, Pyruvate

49
Q

L3: Carbon dioxide produced in the TCA cycle are produced in steps involving the production of _______.

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA

50
Q

L3: NADH produced in glycolysis are produced in steps involving the production of _______.

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3 Phosphate

51
Q

L3: NADH produced in the TCA cycle are produced in steps involving the production of _______.

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Oxaloacetate

52
Q

L3: Name 4 actions of GLP-1.

A

Increase insulin release, Decrease glucagon release, decrease appetite, decrease GI motility

53
Q

L3: Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by _______. (3)

A

Alanine, ATP, Glucagon signaling

54
Q

L3: Which enzymes are involved in the TCA reactions that produce NADH?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-keoglutarate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase

55
Q

L4: Name 5 required cofactors for PDH.

A

Coenzyme A, Thiamine Pyrophosphate, NAD (niacin derivative), FAD (riboflavin derivative), lipoate

Metabolism and Nutrition (10 decks)

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