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Biol214 > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

triacylglyderides form the main dietary lipid and are degraded to ??? and FAs

A

monoacylglycerols

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE digestive enzymes are not water soluble

A

FALSE: they ARE water soluble, lipids are not

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3
Q

bile salts emulsify dietary fats in small intestine to form mixed ??? which allow TGs to be degraded

A

micelles

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4
Q

intestinal/pancreatic lipases degrade ???

A

triacylglycerols/ides

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5
Q

FAs and other TG breakdown products are taken up by ??? and converted back into TGs

A

intestinal mucosa

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6
Q

TGs are incorporated (after being digested) with cholesterol and apolipoproteins into ???

A

chylomicrons

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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: chylomicrons can move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues

A

TRUE

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8
Q

lipoprotein lipase is activated by apoC-II in ??? and converts TGs to FAs and monoacylglycerols

A

in capillaries

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9
Q

bile salts/acids are amphipathic molecules made from ??? in the liver

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

the hydrophobic or hydrophilic face of bile acids are used to attach to TGs?

A

hydrophobic face

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11
Q

the hydrophobic or the hydrophilic face of the bile acids are pointing out to allow lipases to attack TGs?

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

Plasma lipoproteins are particles carrying TGs, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and ???

A

lipid soluble vitamins

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13
Q

plasma lipoproteins are made of ???

A

apolipoproteins

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14
Q

apolipoproteins can solubilise lipids and act as signals to target lipoproteins in specific tissues as well as activating ???

A

enzymes

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15
Q

what are the four human plasma lipoprotein types?

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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16
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis: the purpose of this is to minimise ??? to prevent the creation of foam cells

A

minimise LDL

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17
Q

where does receptor mediated endocytosis take place?

A

in the liver

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18
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis step 1: LDL particles containing Apo-100 bind to LDL-receptor on ??? of liver cells

A

on the cell surface

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Receptor mediated endocytosis step 2: Following binding of LDL particles to liver cells, endocytosis is triggered

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis step 3: LDL is internalised in ???

A

endosome

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21
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis step 4: LDL receptor is segregated into vesicles and ???

A

recycled to cell surface

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22
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis step 5: Endosome with LDL fuses with ???

A

lysosome

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23
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis step 6: lytic enzymes in lysosome degrade apoB-100 and cholesteryl esters to release ???

A

amino acids, TGs, cholesterol

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24
Q

Familial hypercholesterolaemia causes a 4 fold increase or decrease in plasma cholesterol and LDL concentrations

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: foam cells (macrophages) are formed by the presence of excess blood LDL which is oxidised and engulfed by macrophages

26
Q

atherosclerotic plaques are formed when monocytes are attracted to oxidised ??? that aggregate and stick to the ECM, causing monocytes to differentiate into macrophage (foam cell)

A

lipoproteins

27
Q

White Adipose tissue: stores excess calories as TGs that can be used as fuel via ??? to rpoduce ATP via respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation

A

b-oxidation

28
Q

brown adipose tissue: stores TGs used as fuel via b-oxidation to maintain ???

A

thermogenesis

29
Q

Degradation of TGs: TG goes through hydrolysis to release glycerol backbone whilst FAs are sent to ???

A

bloodstream

30
Q

Degradation of TGs step 1: glucagon binds to a receptor, causing a G-coupled mediated reaction which activates ???

A

adenylyl cyclase

31
Q

Degradation of TGs step 2: activation of adenylyl cyclase causes the conversion of ATP to cAMP which activates ???

A

PKA (Protein Kinase A)

32
Q

Degradation of TGs step 3: PKA activates ???

A

hormone sensitive lipase

33
Q

Degradation of TGs step 4: hormone sensitive lipase mediates degradation of ??? = glycerol and 3x FAs

34
Q

b-oxidation of FAs is a repetitive 4-step process by which FAs are converted to ???

A

acetyl CoA

35
Q

Can 12-carbon fatty acid chains enter mitochondria directly?

36
Q

can 14-carbon fatty acid chains enter mitochondria directly?

37
Q

longer FA chains are first linked to ??? which are then linked to carnitine to form fatty acyl carnitine molecules

A

coenzyme A

38
Q

fatty acyl carnitine enters mitochondria via ???

A

carnitine shuttle

39
Q

during FA metabolism, the acetyl group of CoA (CoA-SH) is substituted with the fatty acid acyl chain to form ???

A

fatty acyl-CoA

40
Q

Fatty Acyl-CoA synthetase is an enzyme mediating the reaction of FAs being linked to ??? to form Fatty Acyl-CoA

A

Coenzyme A

41
Q

mechanism by which FAs move through carnitine shuttle: FA chain is moved from ??? to ???

A

from CoA to carnitine

42
Q

TRUE or FALSE: inside mitochondria, the mitchondrial CoA picks up FA chain from carnitine to form Fatty Acyl-CoA again

43
Q

is carnitine recycled?

44
Q

Stage 1 of FA catabolism: ???
- the removal of successive carbon pairs, starting from carboxyl end. this pair forms acetyl-CoA

A

b-oxidation

45
Q

Stage 2 of FA catabolism: ??? enters citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA

46
Q

stage 3 of FA catabolism: stages 1&2 provide FADH2 and NADH which donate electrons within ??? to generate ATP

A

respiratory chain complex

47
Q

step 1 of b-oxidation of FAs: FA enters pathway, oxidation (dehydration) occurs at ??? of carbon–> FA losses a H+

A

b-site of carbon

48
Q

step 2 of b-oxidation: ??? = H2O molecules are attached

49
Q

step 3 of b-oxidation: oxydation/dehydrogenation to form ???

50
Q

step 4 of b-oxidation: Thiolysis gives rise to ???

A

acetyl-CoA

51
Q

TRUE or FALSE: it takes a few rotations of b-odixation of FA chains to shorten enough, taking of 2 carbons at a time

52
Q

b-oxidation of FAs leads to ???, CO2, H2O production

53
Q

b-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA:
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase = ? FADH2, 10.5 ATP

54
Q

b-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase = ? NADH, 17.5 ATP

55
Q

oxidation of unsaturated FAs involves an ??? which moves double bond and a ??? which removes a double bond

A

an isomerase,
a reductase

56
Q

odd-chain FAs yield propionyl-CoA which is converted to ??? which enters citric acid cycle

A

succinyl CoA

57
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency impacts methylmalonyl-CoA metabolism, causing ???

A

spinal cord degeneration

58
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency impacts DNA synthesis in cytosol, causing ???

A

megaloblastic anaemia

Biol214 (12 decks)

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