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Science For Medicine Ehsen > Lipids 1 > Flashcards

Lipids 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are:

A

Heterogenous

A stored form of energy

Needed as enzyme cofactors

Used in hormones

Used for the synthesis of Vitamins A, D, E and K

Used as signalling molecules

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2
Q

Define the major lipid classes (5)

A 
FATTY ACIDS:
[Essential fatty acids (need to come from diet)
Good fats (polyunsaturated)
Bad fats (High in saturated fats)
Really bad fats (trans fatty acids)]

TRIGLYCERIDES

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

GLYCOLIPIDS

STEROIDS

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3
Q

Why do essential fatty acids need to come from our diet?

A

Humans cannot introduce DOUBLE BONDS beyond carbon number 9

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4
Q

State what is meant by a triglyceride

A

ESTER of 3 fatty acids + glycerol (water insoluble)

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5
Q

Triglycerides are a major component of

A

Adipose tissue

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6
Q

State what phospholipids are composed of

A

Glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

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7
Q

How do lipids exist in cell membranes

A

In blood as lipoproteins

As lipid droplets in adipose tissue

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8
Q

Linoleic acid is an example of

A

An essential fatty acid

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9
Q

Margarine is

A

A trans fat

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10
Q

Arachidonic acid is

A

An omega 6 fatty acid synthesised from linoleic acid

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11
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids are derived from

A

Linoleic acid as essential fatty acids

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12
Q

What do omega 3 fatty acids do?

A

Lower plasma cholesterol preventing atherosclerosis

Lowers TAG preventing obesity

Reduces inflammation

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13
Q

State some clinical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency

A

Growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, kidney and liver disorders, subtle neurological and visual problems

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14
Q

Essential fatty acid deficiency can cause chronic disease of the

A

Intestine

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15
Q

Omega 3 deficiency can lead to

A

Depression and hyperactivity

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16
Q

State the main dietary lipid

A

Triglycerols

17
Q

State the other less common dietary lipid

A

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Cholesterol esters

Free fatty acids

18
Q

State where most lipid digestion occurs

A

Small intestine

19
Q

State what brings about lipid digestion

A

Pancreatic enzymes (lipases)

Emulsification by bile salts (dispersion)

Peristalsis (mixing)

20
Q

What do saturated fats play a huge role in

A

Myelination of nerve fibres
and
Hormone production

21
Q

Describe the process of lipid digestion

A

Main site = small intestine

Requirements = pancreatic enzymes (lipase), emulsification by bile salts and peristalsis

Process:
Most triglycerides are digested by pancreatic lipase into 1 monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids.
Cholesterol esters are broken down to cholesterol and fatty acid.
Phospholipids are hydrolysed to a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.

22
Q

Describe the process of lipid absorption

A

Products of lipid digestion form mixed micelles with bile salts (long chain fatty acids)

Mixed micelles approach the brush border membrane of enterocytes and release lipid products which enter cells by DIFFUSION

23
Q

State the role of bile salts during lipid digestion.

A

Emulsification

24
Q

State what is meant by Steatorrhea.

A

The presence of excess fat in the faeces

25
Q

Explain why Steatorrhea occurs.

A

Lipid malabsorption occurs due to defects in bile secretion, pancreatic function or intestinal cell uptake

26
Q

State the function of the gallbladder.

A

Bile secretion

27
Q

Describe how lipids are transported in the body.

A

The intestinal cells repackage triglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol esters and phospholipids into chylomicrons which are released into the blood via the lymphatic system through exocytosis.

When chylomicrons reach the tissues,

  • triglyceride is hydrolysed to fatty acid + glycerol by lipoprotein lipase
  • free fatty acids are transported through the blood in a complex with serum albumin
28
Q

Why do compounds such as triglycerides have to be packaged into chylomicrons.

A

These compounds are insoluble

29
Q

State what type of molecule chylomicrons belong to.

A

Lipoproteins

30
Q

State the role of lipoprotein lipase.

A

To hydrolyse triglyceride into fatty acids + glycerol

31
Q

State the role of serum albumin

A

To form a complex with free fatty acids and transport these free fatty acids in lipoproteins through the blood

32
Q

State what low density lipoproteins do.

A

Carry cholesterol from the liver to other tissues (bad for you)

33
Q

State what high density lipoproteins do.

A

Carry cholesterol from tissues and bring it back to the liver for elimination (good for you)

34
Q

How does the density of good cholesterol compare to that of bad cholesterol.

A

Good cholesterol is more dense.

Science For Medicine Ehsen (25 decks)

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