Lipid Structure Flashcards
lipids
insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
simple lipids
fats and waxes
fats
esters of fatty acids with glycerol (oils are liquid fats)
waxes
esters of fatty acids with alcohols
complex lipids
phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins
phospholipids
glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids
glycolipids
glycosphingolipids
precursor and derived lipids
fatty acids, steroids, bile acids, ketone bodies
fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
lipid function
fuel for energy and storage, membrane structure, detergents, signaling molecules, vitamins
energy/storage lipids
fatty acids and triglycerides
membrane lipids
glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol
detergents
bile acids
signaling molecules
steroid hormones and prostoglandins
fatty acids structure
unbranched, nonaromatic, carboxylic acids (amphipathic)
saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
mono-unsaturated fatty acid
1 double bond; position of double bond from carbonyl end
polyunsaturated fatty acids
classified according to first double bond starting at the last carbon (omega-3)
amphipathic
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
solubility of fatty acids
short chains (<8 C’s) are soluble in water
melting temp of fatty acids
melting temp increases with chain length but decreases with double bonds
triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails; major lipid for energy storage
glycerophospholipids
sphingolipids
glycolipid
glycerophospholipid structure
saturated FA at C-1 and unsaturated at C-2
3 major classes of sphingolipids
sphingomyelins, gangliosides, and glycosphingolipids
spingomyelin
covers axons in nerves
glycosphingolipids
important in brain cerebrosides (head group=glucose or galactose)
gangliosides
head group=oligosaccharides; cell-cell signaling
sphingolipidoses
lysosomal storage disease –> patients with defective enzymes accumulate sphingolipid intermediates
sphingolipidosis diseases
Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, Gaucher’s, Fabry’s
Tay-Sach’s
mental retardation, red dots in eyes, blindness, death by 3
Gaucher’s disease
liver and spleen enlargement, erosion of long bones, mental retardation (most common)
Gaucher’s onset
mutation in glucocerebrosidase; can develop throughout life depending on enzyme function
cholesterol
decreases fluidity at high temps and increases at low temps
spur anemia
erythrocyte membranes contain unusual spurs (occurs with severe liver disease)
how does spur anemia develop?
increased cholesterol will leak out of liver –> makes way to bone marrow –> gets in erythrocytes and causes spur shape
bile acids
made in liver but secreted to gallbladder; amphipathic; emulsifying agents
hypercholesterolemia treatment (high cholesterol)
prevention of bile salt uptake by intestinal epithelium
cholesterol signaling molecules
steroid hormones
fatty acid signaling molecules
prostoglandins
prostoglandins
can help with pain and inflammation
prostoglandins
can help with pain and inflammation
vitamin A
vision, reproduction, bone growth, and epithelial differentiation
vitamin D
regulates plasma calcium levels, roles in diabetes, immune system, cardiovascular health
vitamin E
anti-oxidant
vitamin K
co-enzyme in post-translational modification of blood clotting factors
exacerbation of vitamin deficiencies
excessive intake of oils, bile duct obstruction, inflammatory bowel diseases