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QUIZ 2 > Carbohydrate Structure > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Structure Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrate formula

A
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2
Q
A

alpha-D-glucose

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3
Q
A

beta-D-glucose

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4
Q
A

beta-D-galactose

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5
Q
A

alpha-D-galactose

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6
Q

oligosaccharide

A

between 2-20 sugar units

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7
Q

polysaccharide

A

> 20 sugar units

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8
Q

aldose

A

C=O at end of chain

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9
Q

ketose

A

C=O in middle of chain

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10
Q

triose

A

3 carbons (glyceraldehyde)

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11
Q

4 carbons

A

tetrose (erythrose)

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12
Q

pentose

A

5 carbons; ribose

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13
Q

hexose

A

6 carbons; glucose

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14
Q

all monosaccharides are _

A

chiral, except dihydroxyacetone

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15
Q

enantiomers

A

non-superimposable mirror images (stereoisomers)

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16
Q

pure enantiomer

A

rotates polarized light

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17
Q

Fischer projection

A

horizontal is toward reader; vertical is away

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18
Q

perspective formulas

A

solid line is toward reader; dash is away from reader

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19
Q

Which carbon is designated D or L?

A

the chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl group

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20
Q

a molecule with _ chiral centers can have _ stereoisomers

A

n, 2^n

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21
Q

epimers

A

two sugars that differ in stereo configuration at only one carbon position

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22
Q

cyclization

A

intramolecular attack at anomeric C

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23
Q

mutarotation

A

interconversion of alpha and beta anomers

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24
Q

6 membered ring

A

pyranose

25
Q

5 membered ring

A

furanose

26
Q

alpha-D-sugars

A

OH down

27
Q

beta-D-sugars

A

OH up

28
Q

intermolecular attack results in _

A

di- or polysaccharide

29
Q

formation of a ring

A

reaction between aldehyde at C1 and hydroxyl at C5 results in hemiacetal –> hemiacetal carbon becomes new chiral center (anomeric carbon)

30
Q

formation of di- or polysaccharide

A

-OH of glucose molecules condenses with hemiacetal of other glucose molecule –> eliminates H2O –> forms O-glycosidic bond

31
Q

glycosidic bond

A

between hemiacetal or hemiketal group of a saccharide and -OH of another saccharide

32
Q

all monosaccharides are _

A

reducing sugars

33
Q

oxidation of anomeric C

A

CHO to COO-

34
Q

aldehydes can be oxidized to _

A

carboxylic acids

35
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose with alpha-1,4 bond

36
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose by 1,4-beta bond

37
Q

reducing disaccharides

A

lactose and maltose

38
Q

non-reducing disaccharides

A

sucrose, trehalose

39
Q

sucrose

A

fructose + glucose by beta-2,alpha-1 link

40
Q

trehalose

A

glucose + glucose with alpha-1,1 linkage

41
Q

proteoglycans, glycoproteins

A

polysaccharides with protein attachment

42
Q

lipopolysaccharides, glycolipids

A

polysaccharides attached to lipids

43
Q

polynucleotides

A

polysaccharides attached to PO4, N-bases

44
Q

glycogen and starch

A

alpha-1,4 linkage with alpha-1,6 branches; soluble and soft

45
Q

starch polysaccharides

A

amylose (10-20 percent) and amylopectin (80-90 percent)

46
Q

cellulose

A

beta-1,4 linkages with no branching; insoluble

47
Q

glycogen

A

readily accessible source of stored fuel in animal cells

48
Q

glycogen storage

A

stored in cells of liver and muscles; converted to glucose for energy

49
Q

Why glycogen instead of glucose?

A

cells would rupture due to osmosis and if [glucose] was always high, it would be hard for cells to uptake glucose when needed

50
Q

glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate and covalently linked protein; mono-, di-, or polysaccharides

51
Q

proteoglycans

A

subclass of glycoproteins in which carbohydrates are glycosaminoglycans

52
Q

GAGs

A

long linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units; contain negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups which can bind lots of water

53
Q

bound water in GAGs

A

gives them lubricant or cushioning properties for their role in cartilage, tendons, heart valves, etc.

54
Q

most important GAGs

A

hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate

55
Q

b-lactam antibiotics (penicillin)

A

inhibit formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in bacterial cell wall

56
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

outer layer is peptidoglycan cell wall

57
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

have outer membrane around the cell wall

58
Q

lectins

A

proteins that recognize and bind to specific oligosaccharide structures

59
Q

glucose and galactose are _

A

epimers

QUIZ 2 (10 decks)

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